Integral equienergetic non-isospectral unitary Cayley graphs (Q2228515)

For a finite abelian group \(G\) and a set \(S \subseteq G\) with \(S=-S\), the Cayley graph \(\mathrm{X}(G,S)\) is the graph whose vertices are the elements of \(G\), with an edge between \(g\) and \(h\) whenever \(h-g \in S\). Similarly, the Cayley sum graph \(\mathrm{X}^+(G,S)\) also has the elements of \(G\) as its vertices, with an edge between \(g\) and \(h\) whenever \(g+h \in S\). The authors observe that \(\mathrm{X}(G,S)\) and \(\mathrm{X}^+(G,S)\) have equal energy but in general will not have the same spectra (although their spectra may sometimes coincidentally be the same). In particular, if \(G\) is taken to be a ring \(R\) under addition, and \(S=R^\ast\) is the collection of units of \(R\), then the authors determine conditions under which \(\mathrm{X}(R,R^\ast)\) and \(\mathrm{X}^+(R,R^\ast)\) have the same energy, do not have the same spectra, have all integral eigenvalues, and are connected and non-bipartite graphs. In particular, if \(R\) is a local ring only the condition \(|R|\) odd is required; also, the authors characterise when either of these graphs is strongly regular. They also study when \(\mathrm{X}(G,S)\) has the same energy as its complement, and situations in which the complement does not have the same spectrum as the original graph. Finally, the authors consider whether or not any of the graphs being studied is Ramanujan, and construct large sets of connected graphs that have the same energy, different spectra, and integral eigenvalues.