Invariant linear functionals on \(L^\infty(\mathbb{R}_+)\) (Q2325983)

The author studies linear functionals \(\varphi\) on \(L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}_+)\) which are positive, map the constant function 1 to 1, and are translation-invariant (i.e., \(\varphi\circ T_s=\varphi\) for every \(s\geq 0\), where \(T_s\) is the translation operator on \(L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}_+)\) defined by \((T_sf)(x)=f(x+s)\)). The same notion is also studied for \(C_{\mathrm{ub}}(\mathbb{R}_+)\) (the space of all bounded, uniformly continuous functions on \(\mathbb{R}_+\)) instead of \(L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}_+)\). These concepts can be viewed as analogues of the classical notion of Banach limits on the space \(\ell^{\infty}\) of bounded sequences. Functionals which are invariant under dilations \(D_r\) (defined by \((D_rf)(x)=f(rx)\)) are also considered and some applications to summability methods are discussed.