Generalized limits with additional invariance properties and their applications to noncommutative geometry (Q390768)

Given a separable Hilbert space \(H\), denote by \(\mathcal{M}_{1,\infty}\) the ideal of all compact operators \(T:H \rightarrow H\) which satisfy \[ \|T\|_{1,\infty}:=\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\frac{1}{\log(n+1)}\sum_{k=1}^ns_k(T)<\infty, \] where \(s_k(T)\) denotes the \(k\)-th singular value of \(T\). A normalised linear functional \(\omega\) on \(\ell^{\infty}\) is called a generalised limit if it is positive and maps every convergent sequence to its ordinary limit. It is known that every dilation invariant generalised limit \(\omega\) generates a non-normal trace \(\text{Tr}_{\omega}\) on \(\mathcal{M}_{1,\infty}\) by setting \[ \text{Tr}_{\omega}(T):=\omega\bigg(n\mapsto \frac{1}{\log(n+1)}\sum_{k=1}^ns_k(T)\bigg) \] for positive operators \(T\in \mathcal{M}_{1,\infty}\) and extending (see \textit{A. Connes} [Noncommutative geometry. San Diego, CA: Academic Press (1994; Zbl 0818.46076)]). The traces \(\text{Tr}_{\omega}\) are called Dixmier traces in the present paper. Denote by \(\mathcal{D}\) the set of all Dixmier traces and by \(\mathcal{D}_0\) the set of all Dixmier traces which are generated by dilation and translation invariant generalised limits (this is the class originally considered by \textit{J. Dixmier} [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. A 262, 1107--1108 (1966; Zbl 0141.12902)]). Also, denote by \(\mathcal{D}_{M}\) the set of all Dixmier traces generated by \(M\)-invariant generalised limits, where a generalised limit \(\omega\) is called \(M\)-invariant if \(\omega=\omega\circ M\) and the operator \(M:\ell^{\infty} \rightarrow \ell^{\infty}\) is defined by \[ (Mx)(n):=\frac{1}{\log(n+1)}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{x(k)}{k} \;\;\;\forall n\in \mathbb{N},\, \forall x\in \ell^{\infty}. \] For \(\mathcal{B}\in \{\mathcal{D},\mathcal{D}_M\}\), an operator \(T\in \mathcal{M}_{1,\infty}\) is called \(\mathcal{B}\)-measurable if it takes the same value under every trace from \(\mathcal{B}\). These concepts are of importance in noncommutative geometry (see, for example, [Connes, loc. cit.]). The authors prove various results concerning Dixmier traces and the corresponding measurable operators. They prove that the classes \(\mathcal{D}\) and \(\mathcal{D}_0\) coincide and give a new characterisation of \(\mathcal{D}\)-measurable operators in terms of the existence of a certain uniform limit. Furthermore, they show the existence of a \(\mathcal{D}_M\)-measurable operator which is not \(\mathcal{D}\)-measurable. The authors mainly work in the context of the Lorentz function space \(M_{1,\infty}\) and use versions of generalized limits on \(L^{\infty}(0,\infty)\) and \(L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})\), but the results can be transferred to \(\mathcal{M}_{1,\infty}\). In the last section of the paper, the authors also give a negative answer to a question from [\textit{M.-T. Benameur} and \textit{T. Fack}, Adv. Math. 199, No. 1, 29--87 (2006; Zbl 1092.46050), Remark 1], concerning a possible further generalisation of certain Lidskii-type formulae for Dixmier traces which had been proved in Theorem 1 of Benameur and Fack [loc. cit.].