Invariant Nijenhuis tensors and integrable geodesic flows (Q2330828)

For a Poisson manifold \(\left( M,\Pi\right) \), a set of Poisson-commuting functions on \(M\) is called an involutive set, and an involutive set is called complete if it contains \(\dim\left( M\right) -\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{rank}\left( \Pi\right) \) functions which are (infinitesimally) linearly independent at any point in a dense open subset of \(M\). Given a pseudo-Riemannian manifold \(M\), the geodesic curves on \(M\) can be identified with the projections of integral curves of the Hamiltonian flow, called the geodesic flow, on the canonical symplectic (and hence Poisson) manifold \(T^{\ast}M\) equipped with a Hamiltonian quadratic function \(q\) defined by the pseudo-Riemannian metric of \(M\). Such a geodesic flow is called Liouville integrable if there is a complete involutive set of functions, including \(q\), on \(T^{\ast}M\), i.e., there exist \(\dim\left( M\right) \) Poisson-commuting functions including \(q\) which are linearly independent at any point in a dense open subset of \(T^{\ast}M\). This paper concerns the problem of determining whether the geodesic flow for a homogeneous space \(G/K\) equipped with a \(G\)-invariant pseudo-Riemannian metric is Liouville integrable in the class of first integrals that are analytic and polynomial in momenta, where \(G\) is a reductive Lie group and \(K\) is a closed subgroup. Such a problem has been studied for the case of \(G/K\) being a coadjoint orbit, in an earlier paper by \textit{I. V. Mykytyuk} and \textit{A. Panasyuk} [Transform. Groups 9, No. 3, 289--308 (2004; Zbl 1050.22027)]. In this paper the authors work with general homogeneous spaces \(G/K\). They use the concept of invariant \(\left( 1,1\right) \)-tensors \(N:T\left( G/K\right) \rightarrow T\left( G/K\right) \), which are Nijenhuis in the sense of having a vanishing Nijenhuis torsion \(T_{N}\left( X,Y\right) :=\left[ NX,NY\right] -N\left[ X,Y\right] _{N}\) for all \(X,Y\in\Gamma\left( T\left( G/K\right) \right) \) where \(\left[ X,Y\right] _{N}:=\left[ NX,Y\right] +\left[ X,NY\right] -N\left[ X,Y\right] \), to construct a Poisson structure \(\Pi_{1}\) compatible with the canonical (symplectic) Poisson structure \(\Pi\) of \(T^{\ast}\left( G/K\right) \). This means that for any scalars \(t_{1},t_{2}\) the linear combination \(\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }:=t_{1}\Pi_{1}+t_{2}\Pi\) with linearly independent \(\Pi_{1}\) and \(\Pi\) is a Poisson bivector, called a bi-Poisson structure. It is known that when a bi-Poisson structure \(\left\{ \Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }\right\} \) on a complex or real analytic manifold \(M\) is Kronecker in the sense that the rank of \(\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }|_{x}\) is independent of \(\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) \neq\left( 0,0\right) \) at any point \(x\) in a dense open subset of \(M\), the union of centers \(Z^{\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }}\) of the \(\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }\)-Poisson algebras for \(\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) \neq\left( 0,0\right) \) can generate a complete involutive set with respect to all \(\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }\neq0\) if each \(Z^{\Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }}\) attains the locally possible maximal dimension \(\dim\left( M\right) -\mathrm{rank}\left( \Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }\right) \) at some point. Thanks to this, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the completeness of an involutive set of \(G\)-invariant functions on \(T^{\ast}\left( G/K\right) \) arising from the constructed bi-Poisson structure \(\left\{ \Pi_{\left( t_{1},t_{2}\right) }\right\}\). The authors use the groups SU\(\left( 2k\right) \) and SO\(\left( 2k+2\right) \) as an example of \(G\) and respectively the subgroups \(\left( \mathrm{U} \left(2k-1\right) \times U\left( 1\right)\right) \cap \mathrm{Sp}\left( k\right) \) and SO\(\left( 2k+1\right) \cap \mathrm{U}\left( k+1\right) \) as an example of \(K\) to provide concrete applications of their results. Indeed, they show the Liouville integrability of some specific geodesic flows.