Hardy-Sobolev spaces associated with twisted convolution (Q2360758)

Let \(Z_j=\partial/\partial z_j+\overline{z_j}/4\) and \(\overline{Z_j}=\partial/\partial \overline{z_j}-{z_j}/4\) be two \(2n\) linear differential operators on \(\mathbb{C}^n\) and let \[ L=-\frac12\sum_{j=1}^n (Z_j\overline{Z_j}+\overline{Z_j}Z_j), \] which is known to be nonnegative, self-adjoint and elliptic. Given \(w\in \mathbb{C}^n\), the twisted translation \(\tau_w\) is defined by \[ (\tau_wf)(z)=\exp\left(\frac12\sum_{i=1}^n(w_jz_j+ \overline{w_j}\overline{z_j})\right)f(z). \] The twisted convolution of \(f\) and \(g\) on \(\mathbb{C}^n\) is then given by \[ (f\times g)(z)=\int_{\mathbb{C}^n}f(w)\tau_{-w}g(z)\,dw. \] In this paper, based on the known Hardy spaces \(H^1_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) associated with twisted convolutions, the authors introduce and study the Hardy-Sobolev spaces \(H^{1,1}_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) associated with twisted convolutions, which consist of all functions in \(L^1(\mathbb{C}^n)\) such that \(Z_jf\) and \(\overline{Z_j}f\) belong to \(H^1_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) for all \(j=1,\dots,n\), and \[ \|f\|_{H^{1,1}_L(\mathbb{C}^n)}=\sum_{j=1}^n(\|Z_jf\|_{H^1_L(\mathbb{C}^n)} +\|\overline{Z_j}f\|_{H^1_L(\mathbb{C}^n)}). \] An atomic decomposition of the space \(H^{1,1}_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) is obtained in this paper. The dual space of \(H^{1,1}_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) is also characterized via a BMO-Sobolev space related to \(L\). As an application, an endpoint version of the div-curl lemma is obtained, which states that, for any \(f\in H^{1,1}_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) and \(e\in L^\infty(\mathbb{C}^n,\mathbb{C}^n)\) with \(\operatorname{div} e=0\), it holds \(e\cdot \nabla_Lf\in H^1_L(\mathbb{C}^n)\) with \(\nabla_L=(Z_1,\dots,Z_n,\overline{Z_1},\dots,\overline{Z_n})\).