Coalgebras of words and phrases. (Q2382987)

Let \(M\) be a module over a commutative ring \(R\). A multiplication on \(M\) is called a (left) pre-Lie algebra if \((f,g,h)=(g,f,h)\) for all \(f,g,h\) in \(M\), where \((f,g,h)\) is the associator \(f(gh)-(fg)h\). In this case, \([f,g]=fg-gf\) gives a Lie algebra structure on \(M\). Dually, an \(R\)-module \(N\) with a comultiplication \(p\) is called a pre-Lie coalgebra if for all \(n\) in \(N\), the coassociator \((I\otimes p)p(n)-(p\otimes I)p(n)\) is invariant under \(P_{12}\), the map of \(N\otimes N\otimes N\) which interchanges the first two tensor factors. In this case, \(N^*\) becomes a pre-Lie algebra under convolution. A bialgebra \(T\) is called weakly graded if \(T\) is graded as an algebra. If \(T\) is weakly graded and has comultiplication \(c\), \(T\) is called a left-handed bialgebra if for any \(a\) in \(T^1\) (in the grading), then \(c(a)-a\otimes 1-1\otimes a\) is in \(T^+\otimes T^1\), \(T^+\) the positively graded part. In this case (and assuming that \(T^1\) generates \(T^+\)), the ``leading term'' \(T^1\to T^1\otimes T^1\), given by applying \(c\) to \(T^1\) and then projecting the tensor factors onto \(T^1\), is a pre-Lie comultiplication on \(T^1\). These ideas arise in the author's study of non-commutative non-cocommutative Hopf algebras of phrases (double tensor algebras). Let \(M\) be a free \(R\)-module with basis \(A\) (alphabet), \(W=T(M)\) the tensor algebra, \(V=T^+(M)\) the positive part. \(V\) has a basis of words and \(W\) allows the empty word. \(T(V)\) has a basis of phrases, and \(T(W)\) allows phrases containing the empty word. A tensor algebra \(T\) has two well-known comultiplications, one with the elements of \(T^1\) primitive, and one with shuffle coproduct. The author constructs new coproducts on \(V\), \(T(V)\), \(W\) and \(T(W)\). The first is based on a stable set \(L\) of non-empty words. Stable means that for any word \(w=a_1a_2\cdots a_m\) of length \(m\) at least one, \(i\) at least \(1\), \(i<j\) at most \(m+1\), \((i,j)\) not \((1,m+1)\) with \(w_{i,j}=a_ia_{i+1}\cdots a_{j-1}\) in \(L\), then \(w\) is in \(L\) if and only if \(w_{1,i}w_{j,m+1}\) is in \(L\). The comultiplication sends a word \(w\) to the sum of \(w'\otimes w/w'\), where \(w'\) runs over all subwords of \(w\) (using consecutive letters) which are in \(L\). This yields a pre-Lie coproduct \(p_L\) on \(V\). Similarly one gets a coassociative coproduct on \(T(V)\) with leading term \(p_L\). Using \(p_L\), \(T(V)\) is a Hopf algebra. The coproducts on \(W\) and \(T(W)\) start with a fixed map \(u\) of \(A\times A\) to \(R\). Let \(w\) be a word, \(a=AB\) a subword of length 2 (\(A,B\) need not be consecutive), and set \(u_a=u(A,B)\). Let \((w_a)'\) be the subword of \(w\) of the letters between \(A\) and \(B\), \((w_a)''\) the word obtained by deleting \(a\) and \((w_a)'\) from \(w\). The coproduct \(p_u\) then sends \(w\) to the sum over \(a\) of \(u_a(w_a)'\otimes(w_a)''\). \(p_u\) is a pre-Lie coproduct. Similarly one gets a coassociative coproduct on \(T(W)\) with leading term \(p_u\). Using \(p_u\), \(T(W)\) is a Hopf algebra. When \(u(A,B)=t(a)t(B)\) for \(t\) a map from \(A\) to \(R\), \(p_u\) arose in Aguiar's theory of infinitesimal bialgebras [\textit{M. Aguiar}, Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math. 237, 1-33 (2004; Zbl 1059.16027)]. When \(L\) is all non-empty words, \(p_L\) arose in the theory of unital infinitesimal bialgebras in the work of \textit{J.-L. Loday} and \textit{M. Ronco} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 592, 123-155 (2006; Zbl 1096.16019)] and of \textit{P. Leroux} [J. Algebra 281, No. 1, 287-302 (2004; Zbl 1134.17301)]. The coassociative coproduct on \(T(W)\) is related to the non-commutative comultiplication on planar rooted trees studied by \textit{L. Foissy} [Bull. Sci. Math. 126, No. 3, 193-239 (2002; Zbl 1013.16026)].