Galois comodules. (Q2386054)

Let \(A\) be a ring with unit, \(\mathcal C\) an \(A\)-coring, and \(M\) a right \(\mathcal C\)-comodule that is finitely generated projective as a right \(A\)-module. Then \(M\) is an \((S,A)\)-bimodule, with \(S=\text{ End}^{\mathcal C}(M)\), and \(M^*=\Hom_A(M,A)\) is an \((A,S)\)-bimodule. \(M^*\otimes_SM\) is an \(A\)-coring, called comatrix coring, and we have a morphism of corings, called the canonical map \[ \text{can}\colon M^*\otimes_S M\to{\mathcal C},\qquad\text{can}(\xi\otimes m)=\sum\xi(m_{(0)})m_{(1)}. \] \(M\) is called a Galois comodule if the canonical map is an isomorphism. This notion was introduced by \textit{L. El Kaoutit} and \textit{J. Gómez-Torrecillas} [Math. Z. 244, No. 4, 887-906 (2003; Zbl 1037.16026)]. In the case where \(M=A\), we recover Galois theory for corings, which is itself a generalization of Hopf Galois theory and coalgebra Galois theory. In this paper, Galois comodules with additional properties are studied. One of the important results in classical Hopf Galois theory is due to \textit{H.-J. Schneider} [Isr. J. Math. 72, No. 1/2, 167-195 (1990; Zbl 0731.16027)], giving situations where injectivity of the canonical map implies bijectivity. Such results are obtained for Galois comodules. The first result is a characterization of simple Galois comodules. In particular, it is shown that a simple right \(\mathcal C\)-comodule that is finitely generated and projective as a right \(A\)-module is a Galois comodule if \(\text{can}\) is surjective. Then the paper concentrates on principal comodules, these are Galois comodules that are projective as left \(S\)-modules. A full characterization of principal comodules is given in the case where the background \(k\) is a field. This is applied to prove that, over a field, any entwining structure consisting of a coalgebra \(A\), a coseparable coalgebra \(C\), and a bijective entwining map \(\psi\) together with a grouplike element of \(C\), gives rise to a principal extension, provided that the lifted canonical map is surjective. In Section 5, the author deals with the problem of base coextension. Suppose that we have a morphism between an \(A\)-coring \(\mathcal C\) and a \(B\)-coring \(\mathcal D\), and \(M\) is a Galois right \(\mathcal C\)-comodule. Under certain (co)flatness conditions, it follows that \(M\otimes_AB\) is a Galois right \(\mathcal D\)-comodule (see Theorem 5.2). Some duality results are presented in Section 6. In the final Section 7, the relative injectivity of a Galois comodule is connected to the properties of the inclusion of its comodule endomorphism ring into the module endomorphism ring.