Torus equivariant \(D\)-modules and hypergeometric systems (Q2421268)

Let \(d\leq n\) be two positive integers and write \(m=n-d\). We will denote by \(X\) and \(\bar X\) the complex affine space \(\mathbb{C}^n\) and the torus \((\mathbb{C}^*)^n\), respectively, and by \(Z\) and \(\bar Z\) the analogous varieties in dimension \(m\). Let \(A\) be an integer matrix of order \(d\times n\) and full rank. The authors consider the action of the torus \(T=(\mathbb{C}^*)^d\) defined by \(A\) on \(X\) and \(\bar{X}\) (write \(Y\) to denote any of them). Denoting by \(\mathscr{T}\) the orbit of \((1,\ldots,1)\) under such action, they introduce the category \(\mathscr{T}-\mathfrak{hol}(Y)\) of finitely generated \(A\)-graded \(D_Y\)-modules fulfilling an additional holonomy criterion over \(D_{\mathscr{T}}\). Such categories are Abelian, closed under extensions and their classes of objects contain every \(A\)-graded holonomic \(D_Y\)-module. Consider now a matrix \(B\in\mathbb{Z}^{n\times m}\) such that its columns span \(\ker_{\mathbb{Q}}(A)\) (that is, a Gale dual of \(A\)). The main technical construction of the paper is a functor called \(\Pi_B^{\tilde{A}}:\mathscr{T}-\mathfrak{hol}(\bar{X})\rightarrow \operatorname{Mod}_{\text{fg}}(D_{\bar{Z}})\) that preserves holonomy and regular holonomy. Up to taking inverse and direct images from \(\bar{X}\) to \(X\) and \(Z\) to \(\bar{Z}\), respectively, it is essentially built from taking \(T\)-invariants, endowing the resulting \([D_X]^T\)-modules with an structure of \(D_Z\)-module. The authors continue with a detailed analysis of the image of a \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-module by such a functor, including the behaviour of the solutions and the characteristic variety. The second part of the paper under review focus on binomial \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-modules. Those objects are quotients of the form \(D_{\bar{X}}/(I+\langle E_i-\beta_i\,:\,i=1,\ldots,d\rangle)\), where \(I\) is an \(A\)-graded binomial ideal, \(\beta\in\mathbb{C}^d\) is a parameter vector and the \(E_i\) are the Euler operators given by \(E_i=\sum_ja_{ij}x_j\partial_j\). For instance, if we choose \(I\) as the toric ideal \(\langle \partial^u-\partial^v\,:\,Au=Av\rangle\) we get the \(A\)-hypergeometric \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-module \(H_A(\beta)\); if we take \(I\) to be the lattice basis ideal \(\langle \partial^{w_+}-\partial^{w_-}\,:\, w=w_+-w_-\text{ is a column of }B\rangle\), we obtain a lattice basis binomial \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-module. The authors gather all known results on binomial \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-modules and consider the image of \(\Pi_B^{\tilde{A}}\) when applied on such objects. In this case, \(\Pi_B^{\tilde{A}}(M)\) is (regular) holonomic if and only if so is \(M\). In the particular case of lattice basis binomial \(D_{\bar{X}}\)-modules, their image under \(\Pi_B^{\tilde{A}}\) are instances of a special type of \(D_{\bar{Z}}\)-module whose solutions are classical hypergeometric functions in several variables, called Horn systems. The authors end with some results on those systems, extending the previously known ones.