The blow-up of \(\mathbb{P}^4\) at 8 points and its Fano model, via vector bundles on a del Pezzo surface (Q2425055)

In this paper, the authors study interplay among degree-\(1\) del Pezzo surfaces, the moduli spaces of Gieseker semistable sheaves on them, and blow-ups of \(\mathbb P^4\) at \(8\) points. Let \(S\) and \(X\) be the blow-ups respectively of \(\mathbb P^2\) and \(\mathbb P^4\) at \(8\) general points. For an ample divisor \(L\) on the del Pezzo surface \(S\), let \(M_{S, L}\) be the moduli space of Gieseker \(L\)-semistable rank-\(2\) torsion free sheaves \(F\) on \(S\) with \(c_1(F) = -K_S\) (the anti-canonical divisor) and \(c_2(F) = 2\). S. Mukai showed earlier that when the \(8\) points in \(\mathbb P^2\) and the \(8\) points in \(\mathbb P^4\) are associated, \(X\) is isomorphic to \(M_{S, L}\) for a particular \(L\). The main results of the current paper are along this direction, and are grouped into two parts. The first part deals with interactions between \(S\) and \(M_{S, L}\). Let \(\rho:\mathrm{Pic}(S) \to\mathrm{Pic}(M_{S, L})\) be the group homomorphism arising from the construction of determinant line bundles on \(M_{S, L}\). It is known that the nef cone \(\mathrm{Nef}(S)\) is generated by the conics and cubics in \(S\). Let \(\mathcal E\) be the subcone of \(\mathrm{Nef}(S)\) generated by the conics, and \(\Pi\) be the subcone of \(\mathrm{Nef}(S)\) consisting of \(L \in\mathrm{Nef}(S)\) such that \(L \cdot (2C + K_S) \ge 0\) for every conic \(C\). Then, \(\Pi \subset \mathcal E \subset\mathrm{Nef}(S)\). The authors prove that \(M_{S, L}\) is non-empty if and only if \(L \in \mathcal E\), and in this case, \(M_{S, L}\) is a smooth, projective and rational fourfold, and every sheaf parametrized by \(M_{S, L}\) is locally free and stable. Moreover, if \(L \in \Pi\), then the map \(\rho\) is an isomorphism, \(\rho(\mathcal E)\) is the cone of effective divisors on \(M_{S, L}\), \(\rho(\Pi)\) is the cone of movable divisors on \(M_{S, L}\), and the isomorphism class of \(S\) is uniquely determined by the pseudo-isomorphism class of \(M_{S, L}\). The second part is devoted to the special case when \(L = -K_S \in \Pi\), and the \(8\) points in \(\mathbb P^2\) and the \(8\) points in \(\mathbb P^4\) are associated. Let \(Y = M_{S, -K_S}\). It is verified that \(Y\) is a smooth rational Fano fourfold with index one, the cone of effective curves on \(S\) is isomorphic to the cone of effective curves on \(Y\), and the isomorphism class of \(S\) is uniquely determined by the isomorphism class of \(Y\). The classical techniques of chamber and wall structures on \(S\) as well as variation of polarizations imply that \(X\) and \(Y\) are related via a sequence of flips. The authors strengthen this statement by proving that the Fano fourfold \(Y\) is obtained from \(X\) by flipping the transforms of the lines in \(\mathbb P^4\) through \(2\) blown-up points, and of the rational normal quartics through \(7\) blown-up points. It follows that the linear system \(|-K_Y|\) has a base locus of positive dimension, while \(|-2K_Y|\) is base-point-free. Furthermore, the isomorphism class of \(S\) is uniquely determined by the pseudo-isomorphism class of \(X\). As a final application, the cone of effective divisors on \(X\) is described via the classes of conics in \(S\).