Functions of noncommuting self-adjoint operators under perturbation and estimates of triple operator integrals (Q271725)

The authors study the problem of finding conditions for functions \(f\) on \(\mathbb R^2\) which guarantee that the map \((A,B) \mapsto f(A,B)\), for noncommuting self-adjoint operators \(A,B\) on some Hilbert space, is Lipschitz in the operator norm and in the Schatten-von Neumann norms \(\mathcal S_p\). The function \(f(A,B)\) is defined as the double operator integral \(f(A,B)= \iint f(x,y)\, dE_A(x) dE_B(y)\), where \(E_A\) and \(E_B\) are the spectral measures of \(A\) and \(B\). It is proved that the map is Lipschitz in the \(\mathcal S_p\) norm for \(p \in [1,2]\), provided that \(f\) is in the Besov class \(B^1_{\infty, 1}(\mathbb R^2)\). However, it is not Lipschitz in the operator norm or in the \(\mathcal S_p\) norm for \(p>2\), but there are points of Lipschitzness, for instance, \((\alpha I,\beta I)\), \(\alpha,\beta \in \mathbb R\). In addition, a sufficient condition on \(f\) for a Lipschitz type inequality in the operator norm and the \(\mathcal S_p\) norms, \(p\geq 1\), is given. Finally, similar results for functions of noncommuting unitary operators are obtained. The main technical tool is triple operator integrals which appear in representing the difference \(f(A_1,B_1) - f(A_2,B_2)\) and involve divided differences of \(f\). Since the divided differences of a function in \(B^1_{\infty,1}(\mathbb R^2)\) do in general not belong to the Haagerup tensor product \(L^\infty(\mathbb R) \otimes_h L^\infty(\mathbb R) \otimes_h L^\infty(\mathbb R)\) on which triple operator integrals are usually defined, the autors introduce Haagerup-like tensor products of \(L^\infty\) spaces and show that the divided differences of \(f \in B^1_{\infty, 1}(\mathbb R^2)\) belong them. Moreover, triple operator integrals are defined on these Haagerup-like tensor products and Schatten-von Neumann norm estimates are obtained for them.