Littlewood-Paley characterizations of Hajłasz-Sobolev and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces via averages on balls (Q512831)

The paper deals with the nowadays well-known spaces \(F^\alpha_{p,q} (\mathbb R^n)\) where \(1<p<\infty\), \(1<q\leq \infty\) and \(0<\alpha<2\). Let \[ B_t f(x) = t^{-n} \int_{\{y: |x-y| \leq t\}} f(y) \, dy, \qquad t>0, \quad x\in \mathbb R^n, \] be the mean value of \(f\) (up to a constant) and \[ D^r_t f(x) = \Big( t^{-n} \int_{\{y: |x-y| \leq t\}} |f(y) - B_t f(y) |^r\Big)^{1/r}, \qquad t >0, \quad x\in \mathbb R^n, \] a related approximation, \(1\leq r <q\). Then \(f\in F^\alpha_{p,q} (\mathbb R^n)\) if, and only if, \[ \| f \, | L_p (\mathbb R^n) \| + \Big\| \Big( \int^1_0 t^{-\alpha q} D^r_t (\cdot)^q \, \frac{dt}{t} \Big)^{1/q} \, | L_p (\mathbb R^n) \Big\| \] is finite (equivalent norm), Theorem 1.5. There are further characterizations of this type, especially for \(q=\infty\). This includes Luzin functions and related maximal functions. The authors indicate that some of these characterizations can also be used if one replaces \(\mathbb R^n\) by more general spaces of homogeneous type.