Approximately spectrum-preserving maps (Q537719)

This interesting and well written paper deals, in particular, with approximate versions of the Gleason-Kahane-\(\dot{\text{Z}}\)elazko theorem and Kaplansky's problem concerning invertibility preserving linear maps on semisimple Banach algebras. Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be superreflexive complex Banach spaces, and let \({\mathcal B}(X)\) and \({\mathcal B}(Y)\) be the Banach algebras of all bounded linear operators on \(X\) and \(Y\), respectively. Given \(\varepsilon>0\), the \(\varepsilon\)-pseudospectrum of an operator \(T\in{\mathcal B}(X)\) is defined by \[ {\text{sp}}_\varepsilon(T)={\text{sp}}(T)\cup\{z\in\mathbb{C}\backslash{\text{sp}}(T):\|(T-z)^{-1}\|>\varepsilon^{-1}\}. \] Here, \({\text{sp}}(T)\) denotes the usual spectrum of \(T\). Among several interesting results, the authors prove that for each \(K,~\varepsilon>0\) there is \(\delta>0\) such that if \(\Phi:{\mathcal B}(X)\to{\mathcal B}(Y)\) is a bijective linear map for which \[ {\text{sp}}(\Phi(T))\subset {\text{sp}}_\delta(T),~(T\in{\mathcal B}(X),~\|T\|=1) \] and \(\|\Phi\|,~\|\Phi^{-1}\|<K\), then either \[ \text{mult}(\Phi):=\{\|\Phi(ST)-\Phi(S)\Phi(T)\|:S,~T\in{\mathcal B}(X),~\|S\|=\|T\|=1\}<\varepsilon \] or \[ \text{amult}(\Phi):=\{\|\Phi(ST)-\Phi(T)\Phi(S)\|:S,~T\in{\mathcal B}(X),~\|S\|=\|T\|=1\}<\varepsilon. \] This result remains valid if the bijectivity of \(\Phi\) is replaced by surjectivity and the above inclusion is replaced by \[ {\text{dist}}_{{\text H}}({\text{sp}}(\Phi(T)),{\text{sp}}(T))<\delta,~(T\in{\mathcal B}(X),~\|T\|=1), \] where \({\text{dist}}_{{\text H}}\) stands for the Hausdorff distance. Furthermore, if \(X=Y\) is assumed to be a separable complex Hilbert space \(H\), then the conclusion is that \(\|\Phi-\Psi\|<\varepsilon\) for some automorphism or anti-automorphism \(\Psi\) on \({\mathcal B}(H)\). The presentation is clear and the arguments seem well worth understanding.