Algebraic curves admitting non-collinear Galois points (Q6043675)

The goal of this nice paper is to give a criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into the projective plane with non-collinear Galois points for algebraic curves. The notion of Galois point was introduced by \textit{K. Miura} and \textit{H. Yoshihara} [J. Algebra 226, No. 1, 283--294 (2000; Zbl 0983.11067)]. First we recall the original definition in brief. Let \(k\) be an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(p \ge 0\) and \(C \subset {\mathbb P}^2\) be a smooth plane curve. For each point \(P \in {\mathbb P}^2\), we have the projection \(\pi_P : C \rightarrow {\mathbb P}^1\) with the center \(P\). If the function field extension \(k(C)/\pi_P^* (k({\mathbb P}^1))\) induced by \(\pi_P\) is Galois, then the point \(P\) is called a Galois point for \(C\). More generally, the author set up the following. Let \(X\) be a smooth projective curve over \(k\). Further, let \(\varphi\) be a morphism \(\varphi : X \rightarrow {\mathbb P}^2\), which is birational onto its image. Then for each point \(P \in {\mathbb P}^2\), we can consider the projection \(\pi_P : \varphi(X) \rightarrow {\mathbb P}^1\), therefore we can consider Galois point for the pair \((X, \varphi)\). Before this work, the author gave a criterion for the existence of birational embedding with two Galois points, and also gave a lot of new examples of plane curves with two Galois points. However, it is not easy to obtain three Galois points. In this paper, the author settles this problem, that is, he gives a criterion for the existence of a birational embedding with non-collinear Galois points. As an application, the author constructs a new example with three Galois points arising from the Hermitian curve. Finally, the author gives a new characterization of the Fermat curve in term of non-collinear Galois points. This is a first step to classify plane curves with non-collinear Galois points.