Quarklet characterizations for Triebel-Lizorkin spaces (Q6094599)

First definitions and properties of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin function spaces are recalled (see, for example, the books by \textit{H. Triebel} [Theory of Function Spaces I--IV, Basel: Birkhäuser, (1983; Zbl 0546.46028, 1992; Zbl 0763.46025, 2006; Zbl 1104.46001, 2020; Zbl 1445.46002)]). Quarklets \(\psi_p\) are defined here as polynomial enriched wavelets (i.e., a linear combination of the product of a translated wavelet and a monomial of degree \(p\)). In the present paper, the wavelet is a biorthogonal compactly supported Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau cardinal B-spline wavelet of order \(m\). Let \(\psi_{p,j,k}(x)=2^{j/2}\psi_p(2^jx-k)\) be the translated and dilated quarklets and let \(\mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R})\) be the topological dual of the usual Schwarz space \(\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})\). The first main theorem of the paper states that, under certain conditions on the parameters \(p\ge0\), \(q>0\), \(r>0\), \(s\in\mathbb{R}\), and \(m\in\mathbb{N}\), a function \(f\) belongs to the Triebel-Lizorlin space \(F_{r,q}^s\) if and only if the series \(f=\sum_{p,j,k} c_{p,j,k}\psi_{p,j,k}\), converges in \(\mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R})\), and a triple sum expression involving the \(c_{p,j,k}\) is given that is equivalent with the quasi-norm of \(F_{r,q}^s\). Separate proofs are needed for smoothness parameter \(s>0\) and \(s<0\). The second main theorem is very similar, but it involves a more general Triebel-Lizorlin-Morrey space \(\mathcal{E}_{u,r,q}^s(\mathbb{R})\) (see [\textit{L. Tang} and \textit{J.-S. Xu}, Math. Nachr. 278, No. 7--8, 904--917 (2005; Zbl 1074.42011)], the Triebel-Lizorkin space corresponds to \(u=r\)).