On wall-crossing invariance of certain sums of Welschinger numbers (Q6103429)

The authors study the genus zero real Gromov-Witten (or GW) invariants of real del Pezzo surfaces with degree \(K^2=1,2,3\), where \(K\) is the canonical bundle. A del Pezzo or Fano surface is a two-dimensional non-singular complex projective variety with whose anti-canonical divisor is ample. A real del Pezzo surface is a del Pezzo surface with a complex conjugation. From the symplectic topology point-of-view, del Pezzo surfaces are ``positive'' and their genus zero GW invariants are simply signed counts of immersed rational pseudoholomorphic curves passing through an appropriate collection of points. Defining real GW invariants involves the non-trivial problem of orienting moduli spaces and the most general form involves Pin structures. Over complex numbers, del Pezzo surfaces are classified up to deformation equivalence by degree. On the other hand, two real del Pezzo surface with the same degree are real deformation equivalent if and only if their real structures are diffeomorphic. Different real structure can be related by a sequence of wall-crossings. The latter is a real complex analytic (Morse-Lefschetz) family of surfaces over a sufficiently small complex disk \(D\subset \mathbb{C}\) such that the fibers over \([-\epsilon,\epsilon] = D\cap \mathbb{R}\) are real, and the real structure changes (in a standard way) as we pass through the singular fiber at \(0\). In this paper, by packaging the real GW (Welschinger) invariants in a specific way, the authors define genus zero real invariants \(N_{m,k}\) which are the same for all real Del Pezzo surfaces with non-empty real locus and degree at most 3; cf. Theorem 1.2.1. Here, \(k\) is the number of real point conditions and \(m\) is the number of complex conjugate point conditions. The invariants are zero if \(k>1\). Further, Theorem 1.2.3 relates \(N_{2m,1}\) to ordinary genus zero GW invariants and provides a recursive relation for calculating them. Proofs of these statements rely on Solomon's recent WDVV recursion formulas, Brugalle's wall-crossing formula, transversality results for generic almost complex structures on positive symplectic manifolds, and explicit calculations.