Two kinds of real lines on real del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1 (Q821032)

As is well known, the anti-bicanonical model \(X\to\mathbb{P}^3\) of a del Pezzo surface \(X\) of degree \(1\) represents \(X\) as the double cover of a quadratic cone \(Q\subset\mathbb{P}^3\) ramified at the vertex and a smooth curve \(C\) cut on \(Q\) by a cubic surface. The deck translation \(\tau\) of the covering map is called the Bertini involution. If \(X\) is real, i.e., equipped with a real structure \(c\colon X\to X\), then so are \(C\subset Q\) and \(\tau\); hence, \(c\circ\tau\) is another real structure. Thus, real del Pezzo surfaces of degree \(1\) appear in pairs \(X^\pm\) of Bertini duals. Using the hyperelliptic structure \(X\to Q\) and corresponding Weierstraß equation, the authors represent the real part \(X_\mathbb{R}\) as the boundary of a certain \(3\)-manifold from which \(X_\mathbb{R}\) acquires a canonical \(\mathrm{Pin}^-\)-structure, regarded as a quadratic extension \(q\colon H_1(X_\mathbb{R};\mathbb{Z}/2)\to\mathbb{Z}/4\) of the intersection index. (Theorem 1.2.1 states that this form can be singled out by a certain set of axioms.) This quadratic form \(q\) is used to split real lines \(l\subset X\) into hyperbolic (\(q(l_\mathbb{R})=1\)) and elliptic (\(q(l_\mathbb{R})=-1\)), and Theorem 1.2.2 states that the signed line count within each Bertini pair is independent of the real structure: \[ h(X^+)-e(X^+)+h(X^-)-e(X^-)=16. \] (Since \(q\) is also \(\tau\)-invariant, the authors essentially speak about the signs and signed count of tritangents to \(C\).) An intermediate statement about an individual real surface \((X,c)\) is that \[ h(X)-e(X)=2\operatorname{rk}\ker\bigl[(1+c_*)\colon H_2(X;\mathbb{Z})\to H_2(X;\mathbb{Z})\bigr]-1. \]