Isometric Lie 2-group actions on Riemannian groupoids (Q6171741)

Lie groupoids are to be seen as a simultaneous generalisation of smooth manifolds and Lie groups. In the last two decades, several people worked on extending the notions/results in classical differential geometry (dealing with smooth manifolds) to the set up of Lie groupoids. One such generalisation is that of a Riemannian metric from smooth manifolds to Lie groupoids. Lie groupoids equipped with a Riemannian metric are called Riemannian groupoids. This paper revolves around geometric structures on Riemannian groupoids. \[ \begin{tikzcd} \parbox{3.67 cm}{\centering Lie group actions on smooth manifolds} \arrow[rrr, "\mathrm{ categorification}"] & & & \parbox{4.2cm}{\centering Lie 2-group actions on Lie groupoids} \\ & & & \\ \parbox{5.5cm}{\centering {\color{red} Isometric} Lie group actions on {\color{red} Riemannian} manifolds} \arrow[rrr,"\mathrm{categorification}"] \arrow[uu, hook] & & & \parbox{5.9cm}{\centering {\color{red} Isometric} Lie 2-group actions on {\color{red} Riemannian} groupoids} \arrow[uu, hook] \end{tikzcd}\] Many interesting constructions/results in the set up of isometric Lie group actions on Riemannian manifolds are extended to the set up of isometric Lie \(2\)-group actions on Riemannian groupoids. One standard result in the set up of isometric Lie group actions on Riemannian manifolds is that they induce a Riemannian metric on the quotient manifolds (under certain conditions). To be precise, we have the following result. Lemma. [Riemannian metric on quotient manifold] Given a Lie group \(G\), a Riemannian manifold \((M,\eta)\), and a free proper isometric action \(G\times M\rightarrow M\), the quotient manifold \(M/G\) will have an induced Riemannian metric and the quotient map \(M\rightarrow M/G\) will be a Riemannian submersion. The above result is extended to the set up of isometric Lie \(2\)-group actions as Proposition 3.4. Proposition. If \(\theta\) is a free and proper isometric \(2\)-action of \([G_1\rightrightarrows G_0]\) on \([X_1\rightrightarrows X_0, \eta]\), then there is a structure of Riemannian groupoid \([X_1/G_1\rightrightarrows X_0/G_0, \overline{\eta}]\) so that the canonical projection \([X_1\rightrightarrows X_0]\rightarrow [X_1/G_1\rightrightarrows X_0/G_0]\) becomes a Riemannian groupoid submersion. ``Existence'' of isometric Lie group actions on Riemannian manifold is addressed by the following classical result. Theorem. [Compact Lie group actions can be made isometric] Let \(G\) be a Lie group, \((M,\eta)\) a Riemannian manifold, \(\theta:G\times M\rightarrow M\) an action. If \(G\) is compact, then, there exists a Riemannian metric on \(M\) making \(\theta:G\times M\rightarrow M\) into an isometric action. As mentioned above, this result is extended to the set up of isometric Lie \(2\)-group actions as Theorem 3.7 Theorem. Suppose that \([G_1\rightrightarrows G_0]\) is a Lie \(2\)-group acting on a Riemannian groupoid \([x_1\rightrightarrows X_0, \eta]\). If \(G_1\) is compact, then there exists a groupoid metric \(\overline{\eta}\) on \([X_1\rightrightarrows X_0]\) for which the \(2\)-action \(\theta\) becomes isometric. One of the most basic notions on smooth manifolds are that of vector fields. When dealing with Riemannian manifolds, taking into consideration the extra structure of Riemannian metric, people study the so called Killing vector fields on Riemannian manifolds. For a Lie group \(G\) with Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\), a Lie group action \(G\times M\rightarrow M\) give what are called as fundamental vector fields \(A^*:M\rightarrow TM\) for each element of Lie algebra \(A\in \mathfrak{g}\). In case of an isometric action \(G\times M\rightarrow M\), the fundamental vector fields \(A^*\) are Killing vector fields for each \(A\in \mathfrak{g}\). This gives a Lie algebra morphism \(\mathfrak{g}\rightarrow \mathfrak{o}(M)\subseteq \mathfrak{X}(M)\). This result is extended to the case of Riemannian groupoids. Corollary. Let \(\theta\) be an isometric right \(2\)-action of a Lie \(2\)-group \([G_1\rightrightarrows G_0]\) on a Riemannian groupoid \([X_1\rightrightarrows X_0, \eta]\). Denote by \((G,H,\rho, \alpha)\) to the crossed module of Lie groups associated to \([G_1\rightrightarrows G_0]\) and by \((\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h}, \partial, \mathcal{L})\) to its corresponding crossed module of Lie algebras. Then: \begin{itemize} \item there is a morphism of crossed modules of Lie groups \[(\sigma,\sum): (G,H,\rho, \alpha\rightarrow (\mathrm{Iso}(X,\eta), \mathrm{Bis}_\eta(X), I, \alpha),\] that is defined as in Lemma \(4.5\), and \item there is a morphism of crossed modules of Lie algebras \[(j_{-1}, j_0):(\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{h}, \partial, \mathcal{L})\rightarrow (\mathfrak{o}_m(X), \Gamma_\eta(A_X), \delta, D),\] which is defined in Theorem \(4.6\). \end{itemize} After introducing a new notion in Lie groupoids, an obvious next step is to check Morita invariance of that notion. If the notion is Morita invariant, one can then define that notion in the set up of differentiable stacks. The authors prove that this notion of Killing vector field is Morita invariant and define the notion of geometric Killing vector field on (quotient) Riemannian stack (Definition \(4.17\))). They further prove that under certain conditions this algebra of geometric Killing vector fields is finite dimensional. In this well written work, the authors also discuss \(2\)-equivariant Tubular neighbourhood theorem, \(2\)-equivariant slice theorem and \(2\)-equivariant More theory on Lie groupoids.