Weak Brill-Noether on abelian surfaces (Q6973777)

For an abelian surface \(X\) with polarization \(H\), let \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) be the moduli space of \(H\)-Gieseker semistable sheaves \(E\) on \(X\) with Mukai vector \(\mathbf{v} = \mathrm{ch} (E) \in H^{2 *} (X, \mathbb Z)_{\mathrm{alg}}\). The latter group has decomposition \(\mathbb Z \oplus \mathrm{NS} \oplus \mathbb Z\), so the Mukai vector can be written \(\mathbf{v} = (r,\xi,a)\). The authors study under what conditions the moduli space \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) satisfies the \textit{weak Brill-Noether property}, meaning that there exists a sheaf \(E \in M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) that has at most one nonzero cohomology group. A theorem of \textit{Göttsche and Hirschowitz} says that the general stable bundle on \(\mathbb P^2\) satisfies the weak Brill-Noether property [\textit{L. Göttsche} and \textit{A. Hirschowitz}, Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math. 200, 63--74 (1998; Zbl 0937.14010)].\N\NLetting \((X, H)\) be a polarized abelian surface and \(\mathbf{v} = (r, \xi, a)\) a Mukai vector with \(\mathbf{v}^2 \geq 0, r> 0\) and \(\xi \cdot H > 0\). The main theorem says that (1) if \(\rho (X) = 1\), then \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) satisfies the weak Brill-Noether property and (2) if \(\rho (X) = 2\) and \(-d (\mathrm{NS} (X))\) is a square (\(d (\mathrm{NS} (X))\) is the discriminant of the Néron-Severi lattice), then the weak Brill-Noether property holds for \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\). Conversely, if \(\rho (X) \geq 3\) or if \(\rho (X) = 2\) and \(-d (\mathrm{NS} (X))\) is not a square, then there are infinitely many Mukai vectors \(\mathbf{v}\) with \(\mathbf{v}^2 = 0\) and \(r > 0\) such that for some \(H\) with \(\xi \cdot H > 0\), the moduli space \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) fails the weak Brill-Noether property.\NThe proof uses Fourier-Mukai transforms and Bridgeland stability. The case \(\rho (X) = 1\) was proved earlier by\N\textit{K. Yoshioka} using different methods [Compos. Math. 145, No. 1, 112--142 (2009; Zbl 1165.14033)]. In general, the authors show that when weak Brill-Noether fails for \(M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\), then \(\mathbf{v}\) admits an isotropic decomposition.\N\NAs an application, it is shown that if \(X\) has an ample polarization \(H\) and \(E\) is an Ulrich bundle of rank \(r \geq 2\),\Nmeaning that \(H^* (X, E(-pH))=0\) for \(1 \leq p \leq 2\), then the Mukai vector has form\N\(\mathbf{v} = (r, \xi, 0) e^H\) with \(2 \xi \cdot H = r H^2, \xi^2 \geq 0\). Conversely, if \(\mathbf{}\) satisfies these conditions, and \((r, \xi, 0)\) does not admit an isotropic decomposition, then the general bundle \(E \in M_{X,H} (\mathbf{v})\) is an Ulrich bundle with respect to \(H\). This recovers a result of \textit{A. Beauville} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 144, No. 11, 4609--4611 (2016; Zbl 1375.14148)].