On the geometry of Lagrangian one-forms
Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Relations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with topology, geometry and differential geometry (symplectic geometry, Poisson geometry, etc.) (37J39) Action-minimizing orbits and measures for finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems; variational principles; degree-theoretic methods (37J51) Symplectic manifolds (general theory) (53D05) Momentum maps; symplectic reduction (53D20) Variational methods for problems in mechanics (70G75) Completely integrable systems and methods of integration for problems in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics (70H06) Other variational principles in mechanics (70H30)
This paper introduces a new variational framework for integrable systems, based on symplectic geometry, which provides a more unified and systematic way to derive the structural equations of Lagrangian multiform theory. The authors reformulate the traditional two-step bivariational principle of Lagrangian multiform theory -- which varied dependent and independent variables separately -- into a single variational principle. This principle is applied to a phase-space Lagrangian one-form, where position, momentum, and time coordinates are treated equally. This streamlined derivation yields both the multi-time Euler-Lagrange equations and the closure relation simultaneously. The new phase-space formulation allows one to construct a Lagrangian one-form for any finite-dimensional Liouville-integrable system directly from its Hamiltonians and symplectic form, using a generalized Legendre transform. This answers a previously open question: whether every integrable system admits a Lagrangian one-form. The framework naturally extends to cases where the flows do not commute. Specifically, it incorporates situations where the ``multi-time is replaced by a non-abelian Lie group. The authors show, for the first time, that the equations describing infinitesimal Hamiltonian Lie group actions are themselves variational -- that is, they arise as Euler-Lagrange equations from their principle. The moment map of the group action emerges naturally in this setting, and the equations can also be interpreted as compatible non-autonomous Hamiltonian equations. The paper illustrates the theory with explicit examples: the harmonic oscillator, demonstrating the equivalence of position- and phase-space formulations; the periodic Toda chain, where the method recovers known Lagrangian multiforms and generalizes them; a setting where the Lagrangian one-form is linear in velocities, showing that even in such cases the equivalence with the new formulation holds if the symplectic form is non-degenerate; a case involving a Lie group action (e.g., for the 2D harmonic oscillator and its SU(2) symmetry) showing the generalization to non-abelian symmetries and the connection to moment maps and symplectic reduction. These results not only simplify and generalize the variational formulation of integrable systems but also connect the theory more deeply to symplectic and Hamiltonian geometry, opening the way to new applications, especially to systems with noncommuting symmetries and superintegrability.
- A variational approach to Lax representations
- A variational principle for discrete integrable systems
- Classical Yang-Baxter equation, Lagrangian multiforms and ultralocal integrable hierarchies
- Computation of composition functions and invariant vector fields in terms of structure constants of associated Lie algebras
- Discrete-time Calogero-Moser system and Lagrangian 1-form structure
- Hamiltonian multiform description of an integrable hierarchy
- Hamiltonian reduction of unconstrained and constrained systems
- Lagrangian 3-form structure for the Darboux system and the KP hierarchy
- Lagrangian multiform for cyclotomic Gaudin models
- Lagrangian multiforms and multidimensional consistency
- Lagrangian Multiforms for Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) and the Gelfand–Dickey Hierarchy
- Lagrangian multiforms on coadjoint orbits for finite-dimensional integrable systems
- Lagrangian multiforms on Lie groups and non-commuting flows
- Multiform description of the AKNS hierarchy and classical r-matrix
- On the Lagrangian formulation of multidimensionally consistent systems
- On the Lagrangian multiform structure of the extended lattice Boussinesq system
- On the Lagrangian structure of integrable hierarchies
- Quantum integrability: Lagrangian 1-form case
- Quantum variational principle and quantum multiform structure: the case of quadratic Lagrangians
- Semi-discrete Lagrangian 2-forms and the Toda hierarchy
- Variational formulation of commuting Hamiltonian flows: multi-time Lagrangian 1-forms
- Variational symmetries and Lagrangian multiforms
- Variational symmetries and pluri-Lagrangian structures for integrable hierarchies of PDEs
- Variational symmetries and pluri-Lagrangian systems in classical mechanics
- What is a classical r-matrix?
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