Variational symmetries and pluri-Lagrangian structures for integrable hierarchies of PDEs
Symmetries, invariants, etc. in context of PDEs (35B06) General theory of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, Hamiltonian and Lagrangian structures, symmetries, conservation laws (37K06) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Variational methods for problems in mechanics (70G75) Other variational principles in mechanics (70H30)
The authors use a novel property to recognize solutions of a pluri-Lagrangian problem. The aim is to investigate the relation between pluri-Lagrangian hierarchies of \(2\)-dimensional partial differential equations and their variational symmetries. They generalize the theory from ordinary differential equations, developed in [\textit{M. Petrera} and \textit{Y. B. Suris}, J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 24, No. Suppl. 1, 121--145 (2017; Zbl 1421.70031)], to partial differential equations. They consider hierarchies of \(2\)-dimensional Lagrangian PDEs (many of which have a natural \((1+1)\)-dimensional space-time interpretation) and show that if the flow of each PDE is a variational symmetry of all others, then there exists a pluri-Lagrangian \(2\)-form for the hierarchy. The corresponding multi-time Euler-Lagrange equations coincide with the original system supplied with commuting evolutionary flows induced by the variational symmetries. This paper is organized as follows. Section 1 is an introduction to the subject and summarizes the main results. In Section 2 the authors give a short overview of Lagrangian field theory, recalling some classical notions and definitions. In particular they provide a formulation of the celebrated Noether theorem, which establishes the relation between conservation laws and variational symmetries. In Section 3 they review the notion of continuous \(2\)-dimensional pluri-Lagrangian systems. Section 4 is devoted to new results. Here the authors prove that from a family of variational symmetries one can construct a pluri-Lagrangian structure. In Section 5 they discuss concrete examples (i.e., the potential KdV hierarchy, the nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy, the Sine-Gordon equation and the modified KdV hierarchy) which illustrate the theoretical results obtained in Section 4. Finally, Section 6 sums up the paper with some conclusions.
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