Partially classical limit of the Nelson model
The authors study the Nelson model which describes a quantum system of nonrelativistic identical particles coupled to a possibly massless scalar Bose field through a Yukawa type interaction. These particles interact with a real scalar field in space-time \(\mathbb R^{3+1}\). In the formalism of second quantization for the particles the Hamiltonian of the considered system is taken to be \[ H(\psi , a)=(2M)^{-1}\int dx\,(\nabla\psi )^{\ast }(\nabla\psi )+\int dk\, \omega a^{\ast }a+\lambda \int dx\, \varphi \psi^{\ast }\psi , \] where \(\omega (k)=(k^2+\mu^2)^{1/2}\) with \(\mu \geq 0\) (\(\mu \) is the mass of the bosons), \(\psi \), \(\psi^{\ast } \), \(a\), \(a^{\ast }\) are Heisenberg field operators satisfying the relations \[ [\psi(t,x),\psi (t,x')]_{\mp}=0, \;\;\;\;[\psi(t,x),\psi ^{\ast }(t,x')]_{\mp}=\delta (x-x'), \tag{1} \] \[ [a(t,k),a (t,k')]_{-}=0, \;\;\;\;[a(t,k),a ^{\ast }(t,k')]_{-}=\delta (k-k'), \tag{2} \] \[ \varphi (t,x)=(2\pi )^{-3/2}\int dk\,(2\omega (k))^{-1/2 }(a(t,k)e^{ik\cdot x}+a^{\ast }(t,k)e^{-ik\cdot x}) . \tag{3} \] The sign \((-)\) and (+) in (1)-(3) denotes commutator and anticommutator, respectively. The field \(\psi \) can be either a boson or a fermion field. The time evolution of the fields \(\psi \) and \(a\) in the Heisenberg picture is given by the equations of motion \(i\partial_t\psi =[\psi ,H]_{-}\), \(i\partial_ta =[a,H]_{-}\). Using the expression for \(H(\psi ,a)\) it follows that \(i\partial_t\psi = -(2M)^{-1}\triangle \psi +\lambda \varphi \psi \), \(i\partial_t a = \omega a+\lambda (2\omega )^{-1/2}F( \psi^{\ast }\psi ) \), where \(F\) denotes the Fourier transform. The parameter \(\lambda \) tends to zero. The authors study the classical limit of the scalar field. The classical limit is obtained by considering the average of the field operators on a sequence of states which contain a number \(n\) of scalar particles increasing to infinity. The traditional way to construct such a sequence is through the Weyl operators \[ C(\alpha )=\exp\biggl( \int dk\,(a_0^{\ast }\alpha -a_0\bar\alpha ) \biggr) \] which applied to the Fock vacuum of the scalar particles generate the coherent states for the operators \((a_0,a_0^{\ast })\). It would be of interest the situation where the number of Bose excitations becomes infinite while the coupling constant tends to zero. In that limit the appropriately rescaled Bose field converges in a suitable sense to a classical solution of the free wave or Klein-Gordon equation depending on the mass of the field. The evolution of the nonrelativistic particles is governed by a quantum dynamics with an external potential given by a classical solution.
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