Rational degenerations of M-curves, totally positive Grassmannians and KP2-solitons

DOI10.1007/S00220-018-3123-YMaRDI QIDQ1663674zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 22 August 2018

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.00563

Grassmannians KP finite-gap theory M-curves real solitons total positivity

Plane and space curves (14H50) Relationships between algebraic curves and integrable systems (14H70) Relationships between algebraic curves and physics (14H81) Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds (14M15) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with algebraic geometry, complex analysis, and special functions (37K20) Soliton theory, asymptotic behavior of solutions of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems (37K40)

Abstract: We establish a new connection between the theory of totally positive Grassmannians and the theory of

m a t h t t M

-curves using the finite--gap theory for solitons of the KP equation. Here and in the following KP equation denotes the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili 2 equation, which is the first flow from the KP hierarchy. We also assume that all KP times are real. We associate to any point of the real totally positive Grassmannian

G r^{T P} (N, M)

a reducible curve which is a rational degeneration of an

m a t h t t M

--curve of minimal genus

g = N (M - N)

, and we reconstruct the real algebraic-geometric data 'a la Krichever for the underlying real bounded multiline KP soliton solutions. From this construction it follows that these multiline solitons can be explicitly obtained by degenerating regular real finite-gap solutions corresponding to smooth

M

-curves. In our approach we rule the addition of each new rational component to the spectral curve via an elementary Darboux transformation which corresponds to a section of a specific projection

G r^{T P} (r + 1, M - N + r + 1) m a p s t o G r^{T P} (r, M - N + r)

.

Review text

The aim of this paper is to establish a new connection between the theory of totally positive Grassmannians and the theory of M-curves using the finite-gap theory for solitons of the KP equation. KP equation denotes the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili 2 equation, which is the first flow from the KP hierarchy. The authors assume that all KP times are real. They associate to any point of the real totally positive Grassmannian \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(N,M)\) a reducible curve which is a rational degeneration of an M-curve of minimal genus \(g=N(M-N)\), and they reconstruct the real algebraic-geometric data à la Krichever for the underlying real bounded multiline KP soliton solutions. The main result of this paper is that, for soliton solutions associated with the principal cell \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(N,M)\), the authors can always fix algebraic-geometric data on reducible curves, generating these solutions, with additional requirements that these curves are rational degenerations of some family of regular M-curves and that the divisor points satisfy the reality and regularity conditions of [\textit{B. A. Dubrovin} and \textit{S. M. Natanzon}, Math. USSR, Izv. 32, No. 2, 269--288 (1988; Zbl 0672.35072); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 52, No. 2, 267--286 (1988)]. From this construction, it follows that these multiline solitons can be explicitly obtained by degenerating regular real finite-gap solutions corresponding to smooth M-curves. In their approach, the authors rule the addition of each new rational component to the spectral curve via an elementary Darboux transformation which corresponds to a section of a specific projection \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(r+1,M-N+r+1)\longmapsto \mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(r,M-N+r)\). This paper is organized as follows: The first section is an introduction to the subject. In the second section the authors recall some known facts about regular finite gap and multi-soliton solutions of the KP equation. In the third section, the authors associate the rational degeneration of a genus \((M-1)\) hyperelliptic M-curve and construct the effective divisor for soliton data in \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(1, M)\). Then they present the main ideas of the algebraic-geometric construction for soliton data in \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(N, M)\). The forth section concerns the reducible M-curve and the effective divisor for soliton data in \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(N, M)\). The proof of some results is carried out in detail in section 5. Analytic properties of the effective divisor are given in section 6. In this section 7 the authors construct the rational curve and the vacuum pole divisor associated to generic soliton data in \(\mathrm{Gr}^{\mathrm{TP}}(2, 4)\). The paper is supported by two appendices.

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