A priori bounds and multiplicity for fully nonlinear equations with quadratic growth in the gradient

, where uniqueness of solutions can be expected, and it was conjectured that the solution set is more complex for noncoercive equations. This conjecture was verified in 2015 by Arcoya, de Coster, Jeanjean and Tanaka for equations in divergence form, by exploiting the integral formulation of the problem. Here we show that similar phenomena occur for general, even fully nonlinear, equations in nondivergence form. We use different techniques based on the maximum principle. We develop a new method to obtain the crucial uniform a priori bounds, which permit to us to use degree theory. This method is based on basic regularity estimates such as half-Harnack inequalities, and on a V'azquez type strong maximum principle for our kind of equations.

Review text

Nonlinear uniformly elliptic equations with quadratic growth in the gradient \[ -F(x,u, Du, D^2 u) = \lambda c(x)u + \langle M(x)Du, Du \rangle + h(x)\text{ in }\Omega, \] \[ u = 0\text{ on }\partial\Omega, \] are investigated, where \(\Omega\) is a bounded \(C^{1,1}\) domain in \(\mathbb R^n\), \(\lambda \in \mathbb R\), \(n \ge 1\), \(c, h \in L^p (\Omega)\), \(p>n\), \(M\) is a bounded matrix, and \(F\) is a fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic operator of Isaacs type. This problem was studied in the ``coercive case (\(\lambda c \le 0\)), where uniqueness of solutions can be expected. It was conjectured that the solution set is more complex for non-coercive equations. This conjecture was verified by \textit{D. Arcoya} et al. [J. Funct. Anal. 268, No. 8, 2298--2335 (2015; Zbl 1322.35025)] for equations in divergence form, by exploiting the integral formulation of the problem. Similar phenomena occur for general, even fully nonlinear, equations in non-divergence form. In the paper, different techniques based on the maximum principle are used. A new method to obtain the crucial uniform a priori bounds, which permit to use degree theory is developed. This method is based on basic regularity estimates such as half-Harnack inequalities, and on a Vázquez type strong maximum principle.

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