Relative Morse index and its application to Hamiltonian systems in the presence of symmetries
Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Local and nonlocal bifurcation theory for dynamical systems (37G99) Dynamical aspects of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37J99) Abstract critical point theory (Morse theory, Lyusternik-Shnirel'man theory, etc.) in infinite-dimensional spaces (58E05)
A Hamiltonian system (1) \(\dot z= JH'(z, t)\), \(z\in \mathbb{R}^{2N}\), where \(H\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^{2N}\times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\) and \(H'\) denotes the gradient of \(H\) with respect to \(z\), is considered. It is assumed that \(H'(z, t)= B_0(t)+ o(|z|)\) as \(|z|\to 0\) uniformly in \(t\), \(H'(z, t)= B_\infty(t)+ o(|z|)\) as \(|z|\to \infty\) uniformly in \(t\), \(H(z, t)= H(- z, t)\), \(H(z, t+ 1)= H(z, t)\), \(\forall z\in \mathbb{R}^{2N}\), where \(B_0(t)\) and \(B_\infty(t)\) are symmetric matrices, continuous and 1-periodic in \(t\). By \((i_0, n_0)\) and \((i_\infty, n_\infty)\) the so-called Maslov-type indices of \(B_0\) and, \(B_\infty\) respectively, are denoted. The notion of the Maslov-type index comes from a paper of Y. Long and is a modification of the concept of Maslov index introduced by Conley and Zehnder. The reviewed paper provides its definition. Using a theorem of Benci the following results are proved: Theorem: If \(n_0= n_\infty= 0\) then (1) has at least \(|i_0- i_\infty|\) pairs of nontrivial 1-periodic solutions. Theorem: If the function \(V(z, t):= H(z, t)- {1\over 2} (B_\infty(t) z, z)\) tends to \(\infty\) as \(|z|\to \infty\) uniformly in \(t\) and \(V'\) is bounded then (1) has at least \(i_0- i_\infty- n_\infty\) pairs of nontrivial 1-periodic solutions whenever \(i_0- i_\infty- n_\infty> 0\). Theorem: If \(r> 0\), \(p\in (1, 2)\), \(a_1> 0\), and \(a_2> 0\) such that \(pV(z, t)\geq (z, V'(z, t))> 0\), \(|z|\geq r\), \(t\in \mathbb{R}\), \(\varlimsup_{|z|\to \infty} |z|^{- 1}|V'(z, t)|\leq c< {1\over 2}\), \(V(z, t)\geq a_1|z|^p- a_2\), then (1) has at least \(i_0- i_\infty- n_\infty\) pairs of nontrivial 1-periodic solutions whenever \(i_0- i_\infty- n_\infty> 0\). Under additional assumption \(H(z, t)\leq H(0, t)\) for every \(z\in \mathbb{R}^{2N}\) and \(t\in \mathbb{R}\), conclusions on the existence of nonconstant solutions in the above theorems are also given.
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