Almost complex structures on S^2 S^2

DOI10.1215/S0012-7094-00-10116-0MaRDI QIDQ1974972zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 27 March 2000

Published in Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9808008

\(J\)-holomorphic curve almost complex structure symplectic form

General geometric structures on manifolds (almost complex, almost product structures, etc.) (53C15) Gromov-Witten invariants, quantum cohomology, Frobenius manifolds (53D45)

Abstract: In this note we investigate the structure of the space

J j

of smooth almost complex structures on

S^{2} i m e s S^{2}

that are compatible with some symplectic form. This space has a natural stratification that changes as the cohomology class of the form changes and whose properties are very closely connected to the topology of the group of symplectomorphisms of

S^{2} i m e s S^{2}

. By globalizing standard gluing constructions in the theory of stable maps, we show that the strata of

J j

are Fr'echet manifolds of finite codimension, and that the normal link of each stratum is a finite dimensional stratified space. The topology of these links turns out to be surprisingly intricate, and we work out certain cases. Our arguments apply also to other ruled surfaces, though they give complete information only for bundles over

S^{2}

and

T^{2}

.

Review text

It is well known that every symplectic form on \(X=S^2\times S^2\) is, after multiplication by a suitable constant, symplectomorphic to a product form \(\omega ^{\lambda}=(1+\lambda)\sigma_1+\sigma_2\) for some \(\lambda\geq 0\), where the \(2\)-form \(\sigma_i\) has total area 1 on the \(i\)th factor. The author investigates the structure of the space \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}\) of all \(C^{\infty}\) \(\omega ^{\lambda}\)-compatible, almost complex structures on \(X\). The space \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}\) has a natural stratification that changes as \(\lambda\) passes each integer. Let \(A \in H_2(X,{\mathbb Z})\) be the homology class \([S^2 \times pt]\) and let \(F=[pt \times S^2]\). When \(l-1<\lambda \leq l\), \(\omega ^{\lambda}(A-kF)>0\) for \(0\leq k \leq l\). Let \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_k=\{J\in \mathcal{J}^{\lambda}\): there is a \(J\)-hol curve in class \(A-kF\}\) and \(\overline{\mathcal{J}}^{\lambda}_k=\bigcup_{m\geq k}\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_m\). Theorem. (i) For each \(1\leq k \leq l\), \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_k\) is a submanifold of \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}\) of codimension \(4k-2\). (ii) For each \(m> k \geq 1\), the normal link \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda}_{m,k}\) of \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_m\) in \(\overline{\mathcal{J}}^{\lambda}_k\) is a stratified space of dimension \(4(m-k)-1\). Thus, there is neighborhood of \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_m\) in \(\overline{\mathcal{J}}^{\lambda}_k\) that is fibered over \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_m\) with fiber equal to the cone on \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda}_{m,k}\). (iii) The structure of the link \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda}_{m,k}\) is independent of \(\lambda\) (provided that \(\lambda > m-1\)). In this paper the maps \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda} \to \mathcal{J}^{\mu}\) for \(\lambda < \mu\) that preserve the stratification are constructed. The author illustrates the methods by using the stable map approach to confirm that the link of \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}_2\) in \(\mathcal{J}^{\lambda}\) is \(S^5\). All the above results have analogs for other ruled surfaces \(Y\to \Sigma\), where \(Y\) is diffeomorphic to the product \(\Sigma \times S^2\) or \(Y={\mathbb C}P^2 \sharp \overline{{\mathbb C}P}^2\). The basic method here is taken from \textit{D. McDuff} and \textit{D. Salamon} [\(J\)-holomorphic curves and quantum cohomology, Univ. Lecture Ser. 6 (1994; Zbl 0809.53002)] and \textit{K. Fukaya} and \textit{K. Ono} [Topology 38, 933-1048 (1999; Zbl 0946.53047)].

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