Identifiability of homogeneous polynomials and Cremona transformations

DOI10.1515/CRELLE-2017-0043MaRDI QIDQ2009900zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Francesco Galuppi, Massimiliano Mella

Publication date 2 December 2019

Published in Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06895

identifiability interpolation symmetric tensor rank Waring rank

Rational and birational maps (14E05) Birational automorphisms, Cremona group and generalizations (14E07) Hypersurfaces and algebraic geometry (14J70) Projective techniques in algebraic geometry (14N05) Secant varieties, tensor rank, varieties of sums of powers (14N07)

Abstract: A homogeneous polynomial of degree

d

in

n + 1

variables is identifiable if it admits a unique additive decomposition in powers of linear forms. Identifiability is expected to be very rare. In this paper we conclude a work started more than a century ago and we describe all values of

d

and

n

for which a general polynomial of degree

d

in

n + 1

variables is identifiable. This is done by classifying a special class of Cremona transformations of projective spaces.

Review text

Let \(F\) be a generic homogeneous polynomial in \(\mathbb C[x_0,\dots,x_n]_d\). The minimal value for which we can write \(F = L_1^{d_1}+\dots+L_h^{d_h}\), where the \(L_i\)'s are linear forms is called the Waring rank of \(F\) (or also its symmetric rank, since \(F\) can be viewed as a symmetric tendor). When such decomposition of \(F\) is unique, \(F\) is said to be \(h\)-identifiable and \(L_1^{d_1}+\dots+L_h^{d_h}\) is said to be a canonical form for \(F\). It is classically known that \(F\) is \(s\)-identifiable in the three following cases: \((n,d,s) = (1,2k-1,k)\), \((n,d,s) = (3,3,5)\), \((n,d,s) = (2,5,7)\); and it has been expected that those are the only cases for which a generic \(F\in \mathbb C[x_0,\dots,x_n]_d\) is identifiable, but there were only partial results about this conjecture: this paper gives eventually an affermative answer to this long-standing conjecture. The proof is a quite geometric one, since this problem relates to the properties of projections of Veronese varieties and in turn this is related to properties of linear systems in \(\mathbb P^n\) with fixed singularities. A decisive step in the proof is the following theorem (which is of interest also ``per se): Theorem. Let \(\mathcal{L}_{n,d}(2^h)\) be the linear system of forms in \(\mathbb C[x_0,\dots,x_n]_d\) with \(h\) multiple points in general position in \(\mathbb P^n\) and let \(\varphi_{n,d,h}\) be its associated rational map. Then \(\varphi_{n,d,h}\) is a Cremona transform (i.e. dim\(\mathcal{L}_{n,d}(2^h)=n\) and \(\varphi_{n,d,h}:\mathbb P^n - - \rightarrow \mathbb P^n\) is birational) if and only if either \((n,d,h) = (1,2k+1,k)\), \((n,d,s) = (3,3,4)\), \((n,d,s) = (2,5,6)\). The proof of the main theorem also uses Alexander-Hirschowitz' results on the regularity of the linear systems \(\mathcal{L}_{n,d}(2^h)\) and the partial results which are known for the regularity of the linear systems \(\mathcal{L}_{2,d}(m_1,\dots,m_s)\) described by a conjecture that goes back to Beniamino Segre (1961).

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