Maximal subspace averages
The article presents numerous significant advances in the study of maximal directional averages motivated mainly by the Kakeya and Nikodym conjectures. For a finite subset \( \Sigma \) of the Grassmannian \(\mathrm{Gr}(d,n)\) of \(d\)-dimensional subspaces of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and for \( s \in S \subset (0, \infty)\), consider the maximal operators \[ \mathrm{M}_{\Sigma, \{s\}} f (x) = \sup_{\sigma \in \Sigma} \langle |f| \rangle_{s, \sigma} (x) \text{ and } \mathrm{M}_{\Sigma, S} f (x) = \sup_{s \in S} M_{\Sigma, \{s\}} f (x), \] where \(\displaystyle \langle |f| \rangle_{s, \sigma} (x) = \int_{sB_n \cap \sigma} |f(x-y)| \frac{dy}{s^d} \) and \(f \in \mathcal{C} (\mathbb{R}^n)\), \(B_n\) is the \(n\)-dimensional unit ball centered at the origin, \(sB_n\) is its concentric dilate and \(dy\) denotes the Lebesgue measure on \(\sigma\). The first two main results of this paper state the following. Theorem A. For all \(N > 0\) and \(d < n\), there holds \[ \sup_{s > 0} \; \sup_{\substack{\Sigma \subset \mathrm{Gr}(d,n)\\ \# \Sigma \leq N } } \left\| \mathrm{M}_{\Sigma, \{s\}} \right\|_{L^2 (\mathbb{R}^n)} \lesssim N^{ \frac{ n - d - 1 }{ 2 (n-d) } } (\log N)^{ \frac{n-d}{2} } , \] with an implicit numerical constant depending only upon \(d\), \(n\). This bound is sharp in terms of \(N\) when \(n = d + 1\) and sharp up to the logarithmic factor in general. Theorem B. Let \(\Sigma \subset \mathrm{Gr}(d,d+1)\) be a finite set. Then \[ \left\| \mathrm{M}_{\Sigma, (0,\infty)} : L^2 (\mathbb{R}^{d+1}) \to L^{2,\infty} (\mathbb{R}^{d+1}) \right\| \lesssim ( \log \# \Sigma )^{1/2} \] and \[ \left\| \mathrm{M}_{\Sigma, (0,\infty)} : L^p (\mathbb{R}^{d+1}) \to L^p (\mathbb{R}^{d+1}) \right\| \lesssim \begin{cases} (\log \# \Sigma )^{1/p}, &p > 2, \\ \log \# \Sigma, &p = 2. \end{cases} \] These bounds are best possible in terms of the dependence on the cardinality \(\# \Sigma\). The authors also introduce the \((d,n)\)-Nikodym maximal function by \[ \mathcal{N}_\delta f (x) = \sup_{\sigma \in \mathrm{Gr}(d,n) } \fint_{x + T_\delta (\sigma)} |f(y)| \, dy , \qquad x \in \mathbb{R}^n, \] where \(T_\delta (\sigma)\) is essentially a slight fattening of the unit ball \(B_d\) on \(\sigma\) (see the formal definition in Section 2.3). They then obtain: Theorem C. Let \(\delta > 0\). There holds \[ \left\| \mathcal{N}_\delta : L^2 (\mathbb{R}^{n}) \to L^{2,\infty} (\mathbb{R}^{n}) \right\| \lesssim \begin{cases} \delta^{ - \frac{ n - d - 1 }{ 2 } }, &1 \leq d < n - 1, \\ (\log \delta^{-1} )^{1/2}, &d = n - 1 , \end{cases} \] and \[ \left\| \mathcal{N}_\delta : L^2 (\mathbb{R}^{n}) \to L^2 (\mathbb{R}^{n}) \right\| \lesssim \begin{cases} \delta^{ - \frac{ n - d - 1 }{ 2 } } (\log \delta^{-1} )^{1/2}, &1 \leq d < n - 1, \\ \log \delta^{-1} , &d = n - 1. \end{cases} \] The weak \((2,2)\) bound is best possible while the strong \((2,2)\) bound is best possible up to the logarithmic factor \((\log \delta^{-1} )^{1/2}\). The study of one-dimensional directional averages in \(\mathbb{R}^n\), corresponding to \(\mathrm{Gr}(1,n)\), is connected to the problem of determining the Hausdorff dimension of Kakeya sets in \(\mathbb{R}^n\). There is a classification of such questions for all \(d < n\), with \(\mathrm{Gr}(d,n)\) corresponding to the problem of studying the existence of \((d,n)\)-Besicovitch sets. On the other hand, suitable \(L^p\)-bounds for \(\mathcal{N}_\delta\) imply corresponding lower bounds for the Hausdorff dimension of \((d,n)\)-Nikodym sets. The article also contains several relevant results and applications that complement the theorems presented above. At the same time, the estimates used throughout the paper are based on Fourier analytic almost orthogonality principles, combined with polynomial partitioning and spatial analysis techniques based on the precise calculation of intersections of \(d\)-dimensional plates in \(\mathbb{R}^n\).
- \(L^{2}\) bounds for a Kakeya-type maximal operator in \(\mathbb R^{3}\)
- A remark on maximal operators along directions in \(\mathbb R^2\)
- Almost-orthogonality principles for certain directional maximal functions
- Besicovitch type maximal operators and applications to Fourier analysis
- Bounds for Kakeya-type maximal operators associated with \(k\)-planes
- Continuity properties of k-plane integrals and Besicovitch sets
- Differentiation in lacunary directions
- Directional maximal operators and lacunarity in higher dimensions
- Fourier analysis and Hausdorff dimension
- Improved bounds for the Kakeya maximal conjecture in higher dimensions
- Littlewood-Paley decompositions and Fourier multipliers with singularities on certain sets
- Maximal averages along a planar vector field depending on one variable
- Maximal directional operators along algebraic varieties
- Maximal functions associated to rectangles with uniformly distributed directions
- Maximal operators over arbitrary sets of directions
- On a planar variant of the Kakeya problem
- On differentiation of integrals
- Polynomial methods and incidence theory
- Refined bounds on the number of connected components of sign conditions on a variety
- Remarks on Maximal Operators Over Arbitrary Sets of Directions
- Sets with Prescribed Projections and Nikodym Sets
- Singular integrals along 𝑁 directions in ℝ²
- Square functions for bi-Lipschitz maps and directional operators
- The Bochner-Riesz conjecture implies the restriction conjecture
- The Kakeya Maximal Function and the Spherical Summation Multipliers
- The multiplier problem for the ball
- The multiplier problem for the polygon
- Weak estimates on maximal functions with rectangles in certain directions
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