Structural formulas for matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials related to 2 2 hypergeometric operators

DOI10.1007/S40840-021-01211-XMaRDI QIDQ2117566zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 21 March 2022

Published in Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06991

zbMATH Keywords

matrix-valued differential operatorsmatrix-valued orthogonal polynomialsRodrigues formula

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05) Operator theory over fields other than (mathbb{R}), (mathbb{C}) or the quaternions; non-Archimedean operator theory (47S10)

Abstract: We give some structural formulas for the family of matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials of size $2imes2$ introduced by C. Calder'on et al. in an earlier work, which are common eigenfunctions of a differential operator of hypergeometric type. Specifically, we give a Rodrigues formula that allows us to write this family of polynomials explicitly in terms of the classical Jacobi polynomials, and write, for the sequence of orthonormal polynomials, the three-term recurrence relation and the Christoffel-Darboux identity. We obtain a Pearson equation, which enables us to prove that the sequence of derivatives of the orthogonal polynomials is also orthogonal, and to compute a Rodrigues formula for these polynomials as well as a matrix-valued differential operator having these polynomials as eigenfunctions. We also describe the second-order differential operators of the algebra associated with the weight matrix.

Review text

This paper deals with matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials, in particular of size \(2 \times 2\). After recalling results of \textit{A. J. Durán} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2010, No. 5, 824--855 (2010; Zbl 1203.33006)] and \textit{A. J. Durán} and \textit{F. A. Grünbaum} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2004, No. 10, 461--484 (2004; Zbl 1073.33009)] among other references on the subject matter, the authors consider the weight matrix function \[W^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)}(t) = t^{\alpha} (1- t)^{\beta}\, \tilde{W}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)} (t)\,,\; \textrm{for}\; t \in (0,1),\] with \[\tilde{W}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)} (t) = \left(\begin{array}{cc} \frac{\nu\left(\kappa_{\nu,\beta}+2\right)}{\kappa_{\nu,-\beta}}t^2 - \left(\kappa_{\nu,\beta}+2\right)t+(\alpha +1) & (\alpha + \beta +2)t -(\alpha+1) \\ (\alpha + \beta +2)t -(\alpha+1) & -\frac{\nu\left(\kappa_{-\nu,\beta}+2\right)}{\kappa_{-\nu,-\beta}}t^2 - \left(\kappa_{-\nu,\beta}+2\right)t+(\alpha +1) \end{array} \right)\] where \(\alpha, \beta, \nu \in \mathbb{R}\), \(\alpha, \beta > - 1\) and \(|\alpha - \beta | < |\nu| < \alpha +\beta + 2\) and \(\kappa_{\pm \nu,\pm \beta}= \alpha \pm \nu \pm \beta\). The sequence of matrix-valued monic orthogonal polynomials associated with the weight function \(W^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)}(t)\), notated by \(\left( P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)} \right)_{n \geq 0}\), was introduced in [\textit{C. Calderón} et al., J. Approx. Theory 248, Article ID 105299, 17 p. (2019; Zbl 1426.42022)] and some properties are explored therein, namely the corresponding three-term recurrence relation. In this paper, the authors provide several other characteristics of \(\left( P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)} \right)_{n \geq 0}\) such that a Rodrigues formula, an explicit expression for these polynomials in terms of Jacobi polynomials, a formula for the norm of monic orthogonal polynomials \(P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)}\,,\, n \geq 0\), and the three-term recurrence relation fulfilled by the normalised sequence. Furthermore, the sequence of monic polynomials defined by the derivatives of order \(k\) of \(P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)} \), denoted by \(\left( P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu, k)} \right)_{n \geq k}\), is written in terms of hypergeometric functions and many other interesting results follow the presentation of the weight matrix \(W^{(k)}\) that defines the orthogonality of the sequence \(\left( P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu, k)} \right)_{n \geq k}\). Besides, we find a Rodrigues formula for \(\left( P_{n}^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu, k)} \right)_{n \geq k}\) and a precise account of the algebra of second-order differential operators associated with the weight matrix \(W^{(\alpha, \beta, \nu)}(t)\).

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Cited in

(12)

• Matrix valued orthogonal polynomials of the Jacobi type
• \(2 \times 2\) hypergeometric operators with diagonal eigenvalues
• Matrix Gegenbauer polynomials: the \(2\times 2\) fundamental cases
• Matrix-Valued Orthogonal Polynomials Related to SU(N+ 1), Their Algebras of Differential Operators, and the Corresponding Curves
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• Matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials related to \((\mathrm{SU}(2) \times \mathrm{SU}(2), \mathrm{diag})\). II
• A hypergeometric function transform and matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials
• Ladder relations for a class of matrix valued orthogonal polynomials
• Matrix Jacobi biorthogonal polynomials via Riemann–Hilbert problem
• Time-and-band limiting for matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials related with \(2\times 2\) hypergeometric operators
• Explicit construction of matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials of arbitrary size
• Matrix orthogonal polynomials: a Riemann-Hilbert approach

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