Unconditional Chebyshev biases in number fields

DOI10.5802/JEP.192MaRDI QIDQ2127189zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Daniel Fiorilli, Florent Jouve

Publication date 20 April 2022

Published in Journal de l’École polytechnique — Mathématiques (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.12245

zbMATH Keywords

Chebotarev density theoremChebyshev's biasdistribution of prime ideals

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Zeta functions and (L)-functions of number fields (11R42) Distribution of prime ideals (11R44) Density theorems (11R45)

Abstract: Prime counting functions are believed to exhibit, in various contexts, discrepancies beyond what famous equidistribution results predict; this phenomenon is known as Chebyshev's bias. Rubinstein and Sarnak have developed a framework which allows to conditionally quantify biases in the distribution of primes in general arithmetic progressions. Their analysis has been generalized by Ng to the context of the Chebotarev density theorem, under the assumption of the Artin holomorphy conjecture, the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, as well as a linear independence hypothesis on the zeros of Artin $L$-functions. In this paper we show unconditionally the occurrence of extreme biases in this context. These biases lie far beyond what the strongest effective forms of the Chebotarev density theorem can predict. More precisely, we prove the existence of an infinite family of Galois extensions and associated conjugacy classes $C_1,C_{2}subsetmGal(L/K)$ of same size such that the number of prime ideals of norm up to $x$ with Frobenius conjugacy class $C_1$ always exceeds that of Frobenius conjugacy class $C_2$, for every large enough $x$. A key argument in our proof relies on features of certain subgroups of symmetric groups which enable us to circumvent the need for unproven properties of zeros of Artin $L$-functions.

Review text

Let \(L/K\) be a Galois extension of number fields with Galois group \(G\). For a conjugacy class \(C\subset G\) demote by \(\pi(x;L/K,C)\) the number of unramified prime ideals \(\mathfrak p\) with \(N(\mathfrak p)\le x\) and \(F_{L/K}(\mathfrak p)=C\), \(F_{L/K}\) being the Frobenius map. If \(C_1\ne C_2\) are conjugacy classes then put \[ P_{L/K}(C_1,C_2) =\{x\ge 1:\ |C_2|\pi(x;L/K,C_1)>|C_1|\pi(x;L/K,C_2)\}. \] It has been shown by \textit{N. Ng} [Limiting distributions and zeros of Artin \(L\)-functions. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (PhD Thesis) (2000)] that assuming \textit{GRH}, Artin holomorphy conjecture and the linear independence hypothesis for zeros of Artin \(L\)-functions one can show that the sets \(P_{L/K}(C_1,C_2)\) have logarithmic densities. The authors show that if the extensions \(L/K\) and \(L/Q\) are both Galois with Galois groups \(G\), resp. \(G^+\), \[ \bigcup_{a\in G^+}aC_1a^{-1} = \bigcup_{a\in G^+}aC_2a^{-1}, \] and \[ r_G(g_1) < r_G(g_2), \] where \(g_i\) is a representative of \(C_i\) and \(r_G(g)\) is the number of \(h\in G\) with \(h^2=g\), then all sufficiently large \(x\) lie in \(P_{L/K}(C_1,C_2)\), hence Ng's assertion holds unconditionally, the density being equal to \(1\). They show also that if \(n\ge8\) and \(G^+=S_n\), then there exists a subgroup \(G\) of \(G^+\) and conjugacy classes \(C_1,C_2\) in \(G\) satisfying these conditions.

Recommendations

• Primes in the Chebotarev density theorem for all number fields (with an appendix by Andrew Fiori)
• Chebyshev's bias in Galois extensions of global function fields
• Chebyshev's bias in dihedral and generalized quaternion Galois groups
• The least prime in a conjugacy class
• Probabilistic properties of number fields

Cites work

• Chebotarev's theorem and Littlewood complexity
• Chebyshev's Bias
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3559707 (Why is no real title available?)
• ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMES (mod4)

Cited in

(13)

• Chebyshev's bias in dihedral and generalized quaternion Galois groups
• Bias of root numbers for Hilbert newforms of cubic level
• Conditional upper bound for the \(k\)-th prime ideal with given Artin symbol
• The least prime in a conjugacy class
• Chebyshev’s bias for composite numbers with restricted prime divisors
• Chebyshev's Bias
• Chebyshev's bias for analytic L-functions
• Lower estimates for the prime ideal of degree one counting function in the Chebotarev density theorem
• The least prime ideal in the Chebotarev density theorem
• Exceptional biases in counting primes over function fields
• Bias in the distribution of holonomy on compact hyperbolic 3-manifolds
• On the influence of the Galois group structure on the Chebyshev bias in number fields
• An annotated bibliography for comparative prime number theory

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