Stability problems in nonautonomous linear differential equations in infinite dimensions

Perturbations of ordinary differential equations (34D10) Stability of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34D20) Linear differential equations in abstract spaces (34G10) Nonautonomous smooth dynamical systems (37C60) Classical almost periodic functions, mean periodic functions (42A75)

Abstract: One goal of this paper is to study robustness of stability of nonautonomous linear ordinary differential equations under integrally small perturbations in an infinite dimensional Banach space. Some applications are obtained to the case of rapid oscillatory perturbations, with arbitrary small periods, showing that even in this case the stability is robust. These results extend to infinite dimensions some results given in Coppel (1970). Based in Rodrigues (1970) and in Kloeden and Rodrigues (2011) we introduce a class of functions that we call Generalized Almost Periodic Functions that extend the usual almost periodic functions and are suitable to deal with oscillatory perturbations. We also present an infinite dimensional example of the previous results. We show in another example that it is possible to stabilize an unstable system using a perturbation with large period and small mean value. Finally, we give an example where we stabilize an unstable linear ODE with small perturbation in infinite dimensions using some ideas developed in Rodrigues andSol`a-Morales (2019)} and in an example of Kakutani, see Rickard (1960).

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Let \(X\) be a Banach space. Let \(A,B:\mathbb{R}\to L(X)\) be continuous bounded operator-valued functions s.t. \(\|A(t)\|,\|B(t)\|\leq M\). Let \(T(t,s)\) be an evolution family for the equation \[x'(t)=A(t)x(t).\] Suppose that \(\|T(t,s)\|\leq Ke^{\alpha(t-s)}\) (\(t\geq s\)) and for some \(h,\delta>0\) \(\|\int_{t_1}^{t_2}B(t)\|\leq\delta\) for all \(|t_1-t_2|\leq h\). Then for the evolution family \(S(t,s)\) of the equation \[y'(t)=(A(t)+B(t))y(t),\] the following inequality \[ \|S(t,s)\|\leq(1+\delta)Ke^{\beta(t-s)} \] holds with \(\beta=\alpha+3MK\delta+\log((1+\delta)K)/h\). A space of generalized almost periodic functions is introduced. If under the previous conditions \(\alpha<0\) and \(B\) is generalized almost periodic, then for all sufficient large \(\omega>0\) for the evolution family \(S_\omega(t,s)\) of the equation \[ y'(t)=(A(t)+B(\omega t))y(t) \] the inequality \[\|S_\omega(t,s)\|\leq const\cdot e^{\alpha(t-s)/2}\] holds. Assume that \(A\) is an unbounded generator of a \(C_0\)-semigroup in \(X\) with domain \(\mathcal{D}\) and \(\|e^{At}\|\leq Ke^{\alpha t}\). Assume that \(B\) is a continuous operator-valued function s.t. \(\mathcal{R}(B)\subset\mathcal{D}\), \(AB(t)\) and \(B(t)A\) are bounded operators. Denote \(C_t(u)=\int_t^u B(\tau)\,d\tau\). Suppose that \[ \|C_t(u)B(u)\|,\|C_t(u)A\|,\|AC_t(u)\|\leq M\delta,\quad |u-t|\leq h. \] Then, for the evolution family \(S(t,s)\) of the equation \(y'(t)=(A+B(t))y(t)\), the inequality \[ \|S(t,s)\|\leq (1+\delta)K e^{\beta(t-s)} \] holds with \(\beta=\alpha+3MK\delta+\log((1+\delta)K)/h.\) Some examples for stabilising unstable systems under small periodic perturbations are given.

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