The Klein-Gordon equation, the Hilbert transform, and dynamics of Gauss-type maps

DOI10.4171/JEMS/954MaRDI QIDQ2178263zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Håkan Hedenmalm, Alfonso Montes-Rodriguez

Publication date 7 May 2020

Published in Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.04038

zbMATH Keywords

completenesstransfer operatorHilbert transformKlein-Gordon equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Singular and oscillatory integrals (Calderón-Zygmund, etc.) (42B20) Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and other transforms of Fourier type (42B10) Harmonic analysis and PDEs (42B37) (L^p)-spaces and other function spaces on groups, semigroups, etc. (43A15) Second-order hyperbolic equations (35L10)

Abstract: A pair $(Gamma,Lambda)$, where $Gammasubsetmathbb{R}^2$ is a locally rectifiable curve and $Lambdasubsetmathbb{R}^2$ is a {em Heisenberg uniqueness pair} if an absolutely continuous (with respect to arc length) finite complex-valued Borel measure supported on $Gamma$ whose Fourier transform vanishes on $Lambda$ necessarily is the zero measure. Recently, it was shown by Hedenmalm and Montes that if $Gamma$ is the hyperbola $x_1{x}_2=M^2/(4p{i}^2)$, where $M>0$ is the mass, and $Lambda$ is the lattice-cross $$, where $$ are positive reals, then $(Gamma,Lambda)$ is a Heisenberg uniqueness pair if and only if $$. The Fourier transform of a measure supported on a hyperbola solves the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation, so the theorem supplies very thin uniqueness sets for a class of solutions to this equation. The case of the semi-axis $mathbb{R}_{+}$ as well as the holomorphic counterpart remained open. In this work, we completely solve these two problems. As for the semi-axis, we show that the restriction to $mathbb{R}_{+}$ of the above exponential system spans a weak-star dense subspace of $L^{i}nfty(mathbb{R}_{+})$ if and only if $$, based on dynamics of Gauss-type maps. This has an interpretation in terms of dynamical unique continuation. As for the holomorphic counterpart, we show that the above exponential system with $m,nge0$ spans a weak-star dense subspace of $H^{i}nft{y}_{+}(mathbbR)$ if and only if $$. To obtain this result, we need to develop new harmonic analysis tools for the dynamics of Gauss-type maps, related to the Hilbert transform. Some details are deferred to a separate publication.

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