The Klein-Gordon equation, the Hilbert transform, and dynamics of Gauss-type maps

Second-order hyperbolic equations (35L10) Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and other transforms of Fourier type (42B10) Singular and oscillatory integrals (Calderón-Zygmund, etc.) (42B20) Harmonic analysis and PDEs (42B37) (L^p)-spaces and other function spaces on groups, semigroups, etc. (43A15)

Abstract: A pair

(G a m m a, L a m b d a)

, where

G a m m a s u b s e t m a t h b b R^{2}

is a locally rectifiable curve and

L a m b d a s u b s e t m a t h b b R^{2}

is a {em Heisenberg uniqueness pair} if an absolutely continuous (with respect to arc length) finite complex-valued Borel measure supported on

G a m m a

whose Fourier transform vanishes on

L a m b d a

necessarily is the zero measure. Recently, it was shown by Hedenmalm and Montes that if

G a m m a

is the hyperbola

x_{1} x_{2} = M^{2} / (4 p i^{2})

, where

M > 0

is the mass, and

L a m b d a

is the lattice-cross

, where

are positive reals, then

(G a m m a, L a m b d a)

is a Heisenberg uniqueness pair if and only if

. The Fourier transform of a measure supported on a hyperbola solves the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation, so the theorem supplies very thin uniqueness sets for a class of solutions to this equation. The case of the semi-axis

m a t h b b R_{+}

as well as the holomorphic counterpart remained open. In this work, we completely solve these two problems. As for the semi-axis, we show that the restriction to

m a t h b b R_{+}

of the above exponential system spans a weak-star dense subspace of

L^{i} n f t y (m a t h b b R_{+})

if and only if

, based on dynamics of Gauss-type maps. This has an interpretation in terms of dynamical unique continuation. As for the holomorphic counterpart, we show that the above exponential system with

m, n g e 0

spans a weak-star dense subspace of

H^{i} n f t y_{+} (m a t h b b R)

if and only if

. To obtain this result, we need to develop new harmonic analysis tools for the dynamics of Gauss-type maps, related to the Hilbert transform. Some details are deferred to a separate publication.

Review text

Summary: We study the uncertainty principle associated with the Klein-Gordon equation. As in the previous work [the authors, Ann. Math. (2) 173, No. 3, 1507--1527 (2011; Zbl 1227.42002)], we consider vanishing along a lattice-cross. The following variants appear naturally: (1) vanishing only along ``half of the lattice-cross, where the ``half is defined as being on the boundary of a quarter-plane, and (2) that the function vanishes on the whole lattice-cross, but we require the function to have Fourier transform supported by one of the two branches of the hyperbola. In case (1) the critical phenomenon is whether the given condition forces the function to vanish on the quarter-plane in question. Here it turns out to be crucial whether the quarter-plane is space-like or time-like, and in short the answer is yes for space-like and no for time-like. The analysis brings us quite far, involving the orbit of the Hilbert kernel under the iterates of the transfer operator, and uses methods from the theory of totally positive matrices as well as Hurwitz zeta functions, and is partially postponed to a separate publication. In case (2), the critical phenomenon occurs at another density, and the dynamics then comes from the standard Gauss transformation \(t \mapsto 1/t \pmod{\mathbb{Z}}\) on the interval \([0, 1]\). In the intermediate range of the density of the lattice-cross, we obtain unique extendability of the Fourier transform from one branch of the hyperbola to the other.

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