Quadratic decomposition of Laguerre polynomials via lowering operators

DOI10.1016/J.JAT.2010.07.009MaRDI QIDQ2275485zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 9 August 2011

Published in Journal of Approximation Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jat.2010.07.009

Appell polynomials Genocchi numbers Laguerre polynomials lowering operator orthogonal polynomials

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Appell, Horn and Lauricella functions (33C65) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Review text

The concept of an \textit{Appell polynomial sequence} (i.e., a monic polynomial sequence---MPS for short---\(\{B_n\}_{n \geq 0}\), \(\deg B_n=n\) with \(B_n(\cdot)=B'_{n+1}(\cdot)_,\,n\geq 0\) [\textit{P. Appell}, ``Sur une classe de polynômes, Ann. Sci. de l'Éc. N. (2) IX. 119--144 (1880; JFM 12.0342.02)] has been studied extensively over the last 35 years, along with several generalizations. The list of references of the paper gives a good first introduction into the many existing publications. In the paper under review, the concept is extended in the direction of a general \textit{lowering operator}: a linear mapping \(\mathcal O\) on the vector space of all polynomials with complex coefficients that mimics the differential operator, i.e., \({\mathcal O}(1)=0,\text{ and deg}\,({\mathcal O}(x^n))=n-1,\,n\geq 1\). An MPS \(\{B_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is called \(\mathcal O\)-Appell sequence w.r.t. a lowering operator \(\mathcal O\) if \(B_n(\cdot) = B_n^ {[1]}(\cdot,{\mathcal O})\) for \(n\geq 0\) with \[ B_n^{[1]}(x)=\rho_n({\mathcal O}B_{n+1})(x), \] where \(\rho_n\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\{0\},\,n\geq 0\), is chosen to make the resulting polynomial monic. The next concept needed is the \textit{quadratic decomposition} of an MPS: two MPS's \(\{P_n\},\{R_n\}\) and two sequences of polynomials \(\{A_n\},\{B_n\}\) such that \[ B_{2n}(x)=P_n(x^2)+xA_{n-1}(x^2),\;B_{2n+1}(x)=B_n(x^2)+xR_n(x^2),\;n\geq 0, \] where \(0\leq\text{deg}\,A_n,\text{deg}\,B_n\leq n,\,n\geq 0\), and \(A_{-1}(\cdot)=0\). The main results of the paper are concerned with the quadratic decomposition of \({\mathcal F}_{\varepsilon}\)- and \({\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,\mu}\)-Appell sequences, where the lowering operators are given by \[ {\mathcal F}_{\varepsilon}:=2DxD+\varepsilon D\;(\varepsilon=\pm 1,\;D={\text{d}\over\text{dx}}), \] \[ {\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,\mu}:=(4DxD+\varepsilon D)\left\{8(xD)^2+2\varepsilon xD+2\mathbf{I}+\mu (8xD+\varepsilon \text\textbf{I})\right\}, \] and are given `globally' below (for details one has to read the paper): 1. Explicit forms for the quadratic decomposition of \({\mathcal F}_{\varepsilon}\)-Appell sequences: the MPS's \(P_n,\,R_n\) are a \({\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,1}\)- resp. \({\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,-1}\)-Appell sequence, and for \(A_n,\,B_n\) the same holds after ``monification. 2. An MPS is \({\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,\mu}\)-Appell if and only if its dual sequence \(\{u_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) (duality of `forms' on the vector space of all polynomials) satisfies \[ u_n={1\over \alpha_n}\,{\mathcal G}^n_{-\varepsilon,-\mu}(u_0),\;n\geq 0, \] where \(\alpha_n\) is an explicitly given normalizing constant. 3. There is no regular orthogonal polynomials sequence being at the same time \({\mathcal G}_{\varepsilon,\mu}\)-Appell. Moreover, the quadratic decomposition of a Laguerre sequence \(\{B_n\}\) of parameter \(\varepsilon/2\) (\(\varepsilon\not= -2(n+1),\;n\geq 0\)) is given explicitly, exhibiting the Genocchi-numbers.

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