Singular radial solutions for the Keller-Segel equation in high dimension

DOI10.1016/J.MATPUR.2019.12.002MaRDI QIDQ2286496zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors J. Földes, Denis Bonheure, Jean-Baptiste Casteras

Publication date 22 January 2020

Published in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06990

bifurcation branch Keller-Segel equation Morse index radial oscillation radial solution singular solution

Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Semilinear elliptic equations with Laplacian, bi-Laplacian or poly-Laplacian (35J91)

Abstract: We study singular radially symmetric solution of the stationary Keller-Segel equation, that is, an elliptic equation with exponential nonlinearity, which is super-critical in dimension

N g e q 3

. The solutions are unbounded at the origin and we show that they describe the asymptotics of bifurcation branches of regular solutions. It is shown that for any ball and any

k g e q 0

, there is a singular solution that satisfies Neumann boundary condition and oscillates at least

k

times around the constant equilibrium. Moreover, we prove that in dimension

3 l e q N l e q 9

there are regular solutions satisfying Neumann boundary conditions that are close to singular ones. Hence, it follows that there exist regular solutions on any ball with arbitrarily fast oscillations. For generic radii, we show that the bifurcation branches of regular solutions oscillate in the bifurcation plane when

3 l e q N l e q 9

and approach to a singular solution. In dimension

N > 10

, we show that the Morse index of the singular solution is finite, and therefore the existence of regular solutions with fast oscillations is not expected.

Review text

The authors analyze the behavior around the origin of singular and radial solutions to the steady Keller-Segel equation \(-\Delta v+v=\lambda e^{v}\) posed in \(B_{R}\setminus \{0\}\), with the constraint \(v>0\) and satisfying the boundary condition \(\partial _{\nu }v=0\) on \(\partial B_{R}\). Here \(B_{R}\) is the ball of \(\mathbb{R}^{N}\), \(N\geq 3\), centered at the origin and of radius \(R\). The authors also condider the equation \(-\Delta u+u=e^{\mu (u-1)}\) posed in \(B_{R}\setminus \{0\}\), with the constraint \(u>0\) and satisfying the boundary condition \(\partial _{\nu }u=0\) on \(\partial B_{R}\), whose branches were analyzed by \textit{D. Bonheure} et al. [Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ. 56, No. 3, Paper No. 74, 35 p. (2017; Zbl 1375.35097)]. Each branch was proved to decompose in two connected components. In the present paper, the authors will focus on the upper part of the branch of the above Keller-Segel equation. They recall the results obtained in the case of Dirichlet boundary conditions. The first result of the paper proves that for \(N\geq 3\) and \(\lambda >0\) there exists \(U_{\lambda }^{\ast }=U^{\ast }>0\) satisfying, for each \(\delta \in (0,1)\), the equation \(-u^{\prime \prime }-\frac{N-1}{N}u^{\prime }+u=\lambda e^{u}\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\) with the condition \(u(r)=-2\ln r+\ln \frac{2(N-2)}{\lambda }+O(r^{2\delta })\) when \(r\rightarrow 0\). A solution satisfying the preceding equation with the condition \(u(r)=-2\ln r+\ln \frac{2(N-2)}{\lambda }+O(1)\) is unique. The solution of \(-u^{\prime \prime }-\frac{N-1}{N}u^{\prime }+u=\lambda _{n}e^{u}\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{+}\) with the boundary conditions \(u(0)=\gamma _{n}\), \(u^{\prime }(0)=0\) converges to \(U^{\ast }\) solution of the preceding problem for any sequences \((\gamma _{n})_{n}\) and \((\lambda _{n})_{n}\) respectively converging to \(+\infty \) and \(\lambda_{\infty }\in (0,\infty )\), if \(\lambda _{\infty }\) is less than some value \(\lambda _{N}^{\ast }\) which depends on \(N\). The first main result of the long paper proves that for \(N\geq 3\) and \(\lambda \in (0,\lambda _{N}^{\ast})\), there exists \(i^{\ast }\) such that for any \(i\geq i^{\ast }\) there exists \(\lambda ^{i}>0\) such that the above Keller-Segel equation admits a singular radial solution \(U_{\lambda ^{i}}^{\ast }\) satisfying \(\sharp \{r\in (0,1)\mid U_{\lambda ^{i}}^{\ast }(r)=\overline{u}_{\lambda ^{i}}\}=i\), where \(\overline{u}_{\lambda ^{i}}\) is the largest solution of \(u=\lambda ^{i}e^{u}\). The second main result proves that for \(3\leq N\leq 9\), \(R>0\), \(i\geq i^{\ast }\), there exists a sequence of initial data \((\gamma _{n})_{n}\) of the preceding problem with \(\gamma _{n}\rightarrow \infty \) and a sequence of positive integers \((j_{n})_{n}\) such that \(r_{\lambda ^{i},\gamma _{n}}^{j_{n}}=R\), with \(u^{\prime }(r_{\lambda ^{i}, \gamma_{n}}^{j_{n}},\gamma _{n})=0\). This proves that for each \(i\geq 1\), the branch \(\mathcal{B}_{i}^{+}\) oscillates around \(\lambda ^{i}\) when \(3\leq N\leq 9\). For their next main theorem, the authors introduce the Morse index \(m(v)\) of a solution \(v\) of the Keller-Segel equation in the space of radial functions as the number of negative eigenvalues \(\alpha \) (counting multiplicities) of the eigenvalue problem \(-\Delta \varphi +\varphi -\lambda e^{v}\varphi =\alpha \varphi \) in \(B_{R}\), \(\partial _{\nu }\varphi =0\) on \( \partial B_{R}\), \(\varphi \) is radially symmetric. They prove that If \(U_{\lambda ^{i}}^{\ast }\) is a solution to the Keller-Segel equation, then \(m(U_{\lambda ^{i}}^{\ast })<\infty \) when \(N>10\) while \(m(U_{\lambda^{i}}^{\ast })=\infty \) when \(3\leq N\leq 9\). The authors also prove that if there exists a singular solution on \(B_{R}\) for certain \(\lambda ^{\ast }\), then there is no singular solution for nearby \(\lambda \), that is the set \((\lambda ^{i})\) is discrete. They indeed prove the existence of a set \(S^{\ast }\subset (0,\infty )\) of Lebesgue measure zero, such that for any radius \(R\in (0,\infty )\setminus S^{\ast }\) the following holds. If \((U_{\lambda ^{\ast }}^{\ast })^{\prime }(R)=0\), then there exists \(\delta >0\) such that for any \(\lambda \in (\lambda ^{\ast }-\delta ,\lambda ^{\ast}+\delta )\setminus \{\lambda ^{\ast }\}\) one has \((U_{\lambda }^{\ast})^{\prime }(R)\neq 0\). The last main result proves that for \(N\geq 4\) and any \(\lambda <1/e\) for \(N>4\) and \(\lambda <0.196\) if \(N=4\), and \(R\in (0,\infty )\setminus S^{\ast }\), there exist \(\delta >0\) and \(\Gamma >0\) such that for each \(\gamma \geq \Gamma \) there exists at most one \(\lambda \in (\lambda ^{i}-\delta ,\lambda ^{i}+\delta )\) such that \(r_{\lambda ,\gamma }^{i}=R\). For the proofs, the authors mainly use a Lyapunov functional associated to the Keller-Segel equation, a Pohozaev-type identity, the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem, Sard's theorem and previous results by \textit{D. D. Joseph} and \textit{T. S. Lundgren} in [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 49, 241--269 (1973; Zbl 0266.34021)].

Recommendations

Cites work

Cited in

(14)

This page was built for publication: Singular radial solutions for the Keller-Segel equation in high dimension

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q2286496)