Spontaneous symmetry breaking and Higgs mode: comparing Gross-Pitaevskii and nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations

DOI10.3390/SYM10040080MaRDI QIDQ2331792zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Marco Faccioli, L. Salasnich

Publication date 30 October 2019

Published in Symmetry (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.06923

zbMATH Keywords

Bose-Hubbard modelGross-Pitaevskii equationHiggs modenonlinear Klein-Gordon equationsuperfluidity

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Symmetry breaking in quantum theory (81R40) Statistical mechanics of superfluids (82D50)

Abstract: We discuss the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the elementary excitations for a weakly-interacting Bose gas at finite temperature. We consider both the non-relativistic case, described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, and the relativistic one, described by the cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. We analyze similarities and differences in the two equations and, in particular, in the phase and amplitude modes (i.e. Goldstone and Higgs modes) of the bosonic matter field. We show that the coupling between phase and amplitude modes gives rise to a single gapless Bogoliubov spectrum in the non-relativistic case. Instead, in the relativistic case the spectrum has two branches: one is gapless and the other is gapped. In the non-relativistic limit we find that the relativistic spectrum reduces to the Bogoliubov one. Finally, as an application of the above analysis, we consider the Bose-Hubbard model close to the superfluid-Mott quantum phase transition and we investigate the elementary excitations of its effective action, which contains both non-relativistic and relativistic terms.

Review text

Summary: We discuss the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the elementary excitations for a weakly-interacting Bose gas at a finite temperature. We consider both the non-relativistic case, described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, and the relativistic one, described by the cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. We analyze similarities and differences in the two equations and, in particular, in the phase and amplitude modes (i.e., Goldstone and Higgs modes) of the bosonic matter field. We show that the coupling between phase and amplitude modes gives rise to a single gapless Bogoliubov spectrum in the non-relativistic case. Instead, in the relativistic case the spectrum has two branches: one is gapless and the other is gapped. In the non-relativistic limit we find that the relativistic spectrum reduces to the Bogoliubov one. Finally, as an application of the above analysis, we consider the Bose-Hubbard model close to the superfluid-Mott quantum phase transition and we investigate the elementary excitations of its effective action, which contains both non-relativistic and relativistic terms.

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Cites work

• Broken Symmetries
• Condensed Matter Field Theory
• Finite-Temperature Field Theory
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 992490 (Why is no real title available?)
• Quantum Cell Model for Bosons
• Quantum phase transitions
• Relativistic Bose gas
• Spontaneous symmetry breaking, self-trapping, and Josephson oscillations
• Structure of a quantized vortex in boson systems
• Ultracold quantum fields
• Zero-point energy of ultracold atoms

Cited in

(5)

• Effect of RGUP on the nonlinear Klein-Gordon model with spontaneous symmetry breaking
• The Cauchy problem for the Klein-Gordon equation under the quartic potential in the De Sitter spacetime
• Uniform error bounds of time-splitting spectral methods for the long-time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation with weak nonlinearity
• Improved Uniform Error Bounds on Time-Splitting Methods for Long-Time Dynamics of the Nonlinear Klein--Gordon Equation with Weak Nonlinearity
• Energy spectrum of massless Klein-Gordon field in differentially curved spacetime geometry

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