Semi-braces and the Yang-Baxter equation

Jacobson radical, quasimultiplication (16N20) Yang-Baxter equations (16T25) Generalizations (16Y99) Quantum groups and related algebraic methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81R50)

Review text

A brace is a set \(B\) together with two binary operations \(+\) and \(\circ\) such that \((B,+)\) is an abelian group, \((B,\circ)\) is a group, and \[ a\circ (b+c)= a\circ b - a +a \circ c, \] for all \(a,b,c\in B\). The importance of this algebraic structure is that a brace produces a set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation, and, by linearization, a solution of the Yang-Baxter equation on the vector space \(kV\). The construction is due to \textit{W. Rump} [J. Algebra 307, No. 1, 153--170 (2007; Zbl 1115.16022)]. A generalization was proposed by \textit{L. Guarnieri} and \textit{L. Vendramin} [Math. Comput. 86, No. 307, 2519--2534 (2017; Zbl 1371.16037)]. The definition is the same, but it is no longer assumed that \(B\) is abelian. In the present paper, the authors further relax the conditions on \((B,+)\). \((B,+)\) is assumed to be a left cancellative semigroup, \((B,\circ)\) is still a group, and the additional condition now takes the form \[ a\circ (b+c)= a\circ b + (a\circ (a^{-}+c)), \] where \(a^{-}\) is the inverse of \(a\) with respect to \(\circ\). Then \(B\) is called a left semi-brace, and one of the main results tells that the map \(r:\;B\times B\to B\times B\), given by the formula \[ r(a,b)=(a\circ (a^{-}+b), (a^{-}+b)^{-}\circ b, \] is a solution the set-theoretical Yang-Baxter equation that is left non-degenerate, but in general not right non-degenerate. Several properties of left semi-braces are presented. Two constructions allowing the production of new braces from old ones (and new solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation) are presented: the asymmetric product of left semi-braces is a new left semi-brace. Ideals of braces are introduced; a particular example is the socle of a left semi-brace, which is itself a left semi-brace.

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