Dynamics of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in the nonrelativistic limit

DOI10.1007/S10231-018-0805-1MaRDI QIDQ2420262zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Yanyan Li

Publication date 5 June 2019

Published in Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.01609

zbMATH Keywords

Birkhoff normal formslong-time behaviorNLS equationnonlinear Klein-Gordon equationnonrelativistic limit

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Soliton theory, asymptotic behavior of solutions of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems (37K40) Perturbations, KAM theory for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K55) Closed and approximate solutions to the Schrödinger, Dirac, Klein-Gordon and other equations of quantum mechanics (81Q05)

Abstract: The nonlinear Klein-Gordon (NLKG) equation on a manifold $M$ in the nonrelativistic limit, namely as the speed of light $c$ tends to infinity, is considered. In particular, a higher-order normalized approximation of NLKG (which corresponds to the NLS at order $r=1$) is constructed, and when $M$ is a smooth compact manifold or $mathbb{R}^d$ it is proved that the solution of the approximating equation approximates the solution of the NLKG locally uniformly in time. When $M=mathbb{R}^d$, $dgeq3$, it is proved that solutions of the linearized order $r$ normalized equation approximate solutions of linear Klein-Gordon equation up to times of order $mathcalO(c^{2(r-1)})$ for any $r>1$.

Review text

The paper studies the non-linear Klein-Gordon (NLKG) equation on a manifold $M$ in the non-relativistic limit, i.e., in the limit $c \to \infty$. Well-known formal computations suggest that the system should be well described by the non-linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation; previous rigorous results showed this to be the case over timescales of order one. This paper extends the validity to substantially longer timescales. It provides two types of results. On the one hand, a global existence result holding uniformly in time for sufficiently large values of $c$ is obtained (Theorem 1). On the other hand, approximation results -- allowing to approximate solutions to the NLKG by solutions to the NLS -- are also proved (Theorems 2 and 3). Here the results are different, in particular are local but uniform in time, when $M$ is compact. \par According to the author, ``the present paper can be thought as an example in which techniques from canonical perturbation theory are used together with results from the theory of dispersive equations in order to understand the singular limit of Hamiltonian PDEs. \par All aspects of the considered problem are discussed in great detail, and the same applies to the needed computations and proofs.

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• On comparison of asymptotic expansion techniques for nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime
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