Difference Galois theory of linear differential equations

Difference algebra (12H10) Algebraic aspects (differential-algebraic, hypertranscendence, group-theoretical) of ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M15)

Abstract: We develop a Galois theory for linear differential equations equipped with the action of an endomorphism. This theory is aimed at studying the difference algebraic relations among the solutions of a linear differential equation. The Galois groups here are linear difference algebraic groups, i.e., matrix groups defined by algebraic difference equations.

Review text

Let \(L\) be an ordinary differential field of characteristic zero with a derivation \(\delta \), and let \(\sigma \) be an endomorphism of \(L\) such that \(\delta \) and \(\sigma \) commute (up to a convenient factor). Denote by \(F\) a subfield of \(L\) invariant with respect to \(\delta \) and \(\sigma \) such that the fields of the constants \(F\) and \(L\) coincide. If \(L\) is generated over \(F\) by adjoining the solutions of a family of systems of linear differential equations of the form \(\delta Y=AY,\delta Y=\sigma (A)Y,\ldots ,\delta Y={{\sigma }^{n}}(A)Y,\ldots \), then \(L\) is called a \(\sigma \)-Picard-Vessiot extension of \(F\) for \(\delta Y=AY(A\in {{M}_{F}}(n)\)). In this paper the authors presented the new \(\sigma \)-Galois theory for such extensions. This theory is similar to the usual differential Galois theory (Kolchin, Kovacic), and the role of Galois groups in it are played by the so-called linear difference algebraic groups, i.e., matrix groups defined by algebraic difference equations. Roughly speaking, the \(\sigma \)-Galois group consists of all differential automorphisms of \(L\) over \(F\) which commute with the endomorphism \(\sigma \). The authors show that the Zariski closure of \(\sigma \)-Galois group agrees with the Galois group (in the sense of Kolchin's theory) \(G\) of the initial equation. Now, according to the authors, proceeding from the description of the Zariski dense difference algebraic subgroups of the group \(G\), one can find the possible difference algebraic relations among the solutions of the family \(\delta Y=AY,\delta Y=\sigma (A)Y,\ldots ,\delta Y={{\sigma }^{n}}(A)Y,\ldots \)The latter is the main motivation of this publication (see [\textit{L. Di Vizio} et al., ``Difference algebraic relations among solutions of linear differential equation, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1310.1289}]).

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