scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2079103
asympoticscocharacter sequenceselementary gradingsexponentsgraded polynomial identitiesgradings on upper triangular matrices
(T)-ideals, identities, varieties of associative rings and algebras (16R10) Semiprime p.i. rings, rings embeddable in matrices over commutative rings (16R20) Other kinds of identities (generalized polynomial, rational, involution) (16R50) Endomorphism rings; matrix rings (16S50) Graded rings and modules (associative rings and algebras) (16W50)
Studying polynomial identities satisfied by an algebra often requires knowing the graded identities that the algebra satisfies. This was shown in an impressive manner by Kemer in his research that led to the structure theory of T-ideals in case of characteristic 0, and consequently, to the positive solution of the Specht problem. Recall that as a general rule, graded identities tend to be easier to describe. Nevertheless they provide quite a lot of information concerning the ordinary identities. The paper under review surveys recent results about the gradings and graded identities in the algebra \(UT_k(F)\) of the upper triangular matrices of order \(k\) over a field \(F\). The importance of this algebra and its identities cannot be underestimated since its identities are closely related to those of the matrix algebra of order two. It is interesting to note that if \(UT_k(F)\) is graded by a finite Abelian group, and if \(F\) is algebraically closed of characteristic 0, then all \(G\)-gradings on this algebra are elementary, in other words, the matrix units are homogeneous. The paper gives precise information on the gradings in the case \(k=2\). It turns out that there is only one such nontrivial grading. The corresponding graded identities are described completely as well as a variety of numerical characteristics such as cocharacters, exponent, when \(G\) is the group of two elements. In the last section the author describes the graded identities of \(UT_k(F)\) when \(F\) is any infinite field assuming that the grading is the natural one by the cyclic group with \(k\) elements. The graded codimensions are computed in this case, as well as their asymptotics. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1027.00013].
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