Green's formula and a Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for fractional-order pseudodifferential operators

Abstract: The paper treats boundary value problems for the fractional Laplacian

(- D e l t a)^{a}

,

a > 0

, and more generally for classical pseudodifferential operators (

p s i

do's)

P

of order

2 a

with even symbol, applied to functions on a smooth subset

O m e g a

of

{B b b R}^{n}

. There are several meaningful local boundary conditions, such as the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions

g a m m a_{k}^{a - 1} u = v a r p h i

,

k = 0, 1

, where

g a m m a_{k}^{a - 1} u = c_{k} p a r t i a l_{n}^{k} (u / d^{a - 1}) |_{p a r t i a l O m e g a}

,

d (x) = o p e r a t o r n a m e d i s t (x, p a r t i a l O m e g a)

. We show a new Green's formula

(Pu,v)_Omega -(u,P^*v)_Omega =(s_0gamma_1^{a-1}u+Bgamma_0^{a-1}u,gamma_0^{a-1}v)_{partialOmega }-(s_0gamma_0^{a-1}u,gamma_1^{a-1}v)_{partialOmega },

where

B

is a first-order

p s i

do on

p a r t i a l O m e g a

depending on the first two terms in the symbol of

P

. Moreover, we show in the elliptic case how the Poisson-like solution operator

K_{D}

for the nonhomogeneous Dirichlet problem is constructed from

P^{+}

in the factorization

P s i m P^{-} P^{+}

obtained in earlier work. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator

S_{D N} = g a m m a_{1}^{a - 1} K_{D}

is derived from this as a first-order

p s i

do on

p a r t i a l O m e g a

, with an explicit formula for the symbol. This leads to a characterization of those operators

P

for which the Neumann problem is Fredholm solvable.

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