Equivalence of non-equilibrium ensembles and representation of friction in turbulent flows: the Lorenz 96 model

DOI10.1007/S10955-014-1051-6zbMATH Open1302.82062arXiv1404.6638OpenAlexW2164799817WikidataQ56940926 ScholiaQ56940926MaRDI QIDQ478402FDOQ478402

Authors: G. Gallavotti, Valerio Lucarini 

Publication date: 3 December 2014

Published in: Journal of Statistical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We construct different equivalent non-equilibrium statistical ensembles in a simple yet instructive $N$-degrees of freedom model of atmospheric turbulence, introduced by Lorenz in 1996. The vector field can be decomposed into an energy-conserving, time-reversible part, plus a non-time reversible part, including forcing and dissipation. We construct a modified version of the model where viscosity varies with time, in such a way that energy is conserved, and the resulting dynamics is fully time-reversible. For each value of the forcing, the statistical properties of the irreversible and reversible model are in excellent agreement, if in the latter the energy is kept constant at a value equal to the time-average realized with the irreversible model. In particular, the average contraction rate of the phase space of the time-reversible model agrees with that of the irreversible model, where instead it is constant by construction. We also show that the phase space contraction rate obeys the fluctuation relation, and we relate its finite time corrections to the characteristic time scales of the system. A local version of the fluctuation relation is explored and successfully checked. The equivalence between the two non-equilibrium ensembles extends to dynamical properties such as the Lyapunov exponents, which are shown to obey to a good degree of approximation a pairing rule. These results have relevance in motivating the importance of the chaotic hypothesis. in explaining that we have the freedom to model non-equilibrium systems using different but equivalent approaches, and, in particular, that using a model of a fluid where viscosity is kept constant is just one option, and not necessarily the only option, for describing accurately its statistical and dynamical properties.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.6638

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zbMATH Keywords

Lyapunov exponentsparametrizationturbulencefrictionfluctuation theoremchaotic hypothesisequivalent equationsgeophysical flows

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Dynamical systems in fluid mechanics, oceanography and meteorology (37N10) Continua theory in dynamics (37B45) Dynamical systems approach to turbulence (76F20) Foundations of time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C03)

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Cited In (10)

• On the Lorenz '96 model and some generalizations
• Nonequilibrium and fluctuation relation
• Detection and prediction of equilibrium states in kinetic plasma simulations via mode tracking using reduced-order dynamic mode decomposition
• Heterogeneity of the attractor of the Lorenz '96 model: Lyapunov analysis, unstable periodic orbits, and shadowing properties
• Response formulae for \(n\)-point correlations in statistical mechanical systems and application to a problem of coarse graining
• Viscosity, reversibillity, chaotic hypothesis, fluctuation theorem and Lyapunov pairing
• Predictability of extreme waves in the Lorenz-96 model near intermittency and quasi-periodicity
• Travelling waves and their bifurcations in the Lorenz-96 model
• Crisis of the chaotic attractor of a climate model: a transfer operator approach
• Revising and extending the linear response theory for statistical mechanical systems: evaluating observables as predictors and predictands

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