Orthogonality of quasi-orthogonal polynomials

DOI10.2298/FIL1820953BMaRDI QIDQ5087124zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Francisco Marcellán, Serhan Varma, Cleonice F. Bracciali

Publication date 8 July 2022

Published in Filomat (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.01128

zbMATH Keywords

inverse problemsorthogonal polynomialsquasi-orthogonal polynomialsChristoffel numbersGaussian quadrature formulaspositive quadrature formulas

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Abstract: A result of P'olya states that every sequence of quadrature formulas $Q_n(f)$ with $n$ nodes and positive numbers converges to the integral $I(f)$ of a continuous function $f$ provided $Q_n(f)=I(f)$ for a space of algebraic polynomials of certain degree that depends on $n$. The classical case when the algebraic degree of precision is the highest possible is well-known and the quadrature formulas are the Gaussian ones whose nodes coincide with the zeros of the corresponding orthogonal polynomials and the numbers are expressed in terms of the so-called kernel polynomials. In many cases it is reasonable to relax the requirement for the highest possible degree of precision in order to gain the possibility to either approximate integrals of more specific continuous functions that contain a polynomial factor or to include additional fixed nodes. The construction of such quadrature processes is related to quasi-orthogonal polynomials. Given a sequence $left{P_{n}ight}_{ngeq0}$ of monic orthogonal polynomials and a fixed integer $k$, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions so that the quasi-orthogonal polynomials $left{Q_{n}ight}_{ngeq0}$ defined by [ Q_{n}(x) =P_{n}(x) + sum limits_{i=1}^{k-1} b_{i,n}P_{n-i}(x), ngeq 0, ] with $b_{i,n}inmathbbR$, and $b_{k-1,n}eq0$ for $ngeqk-1$, also constitute a sequence of orthogonal polynomials. Therefore we solve the inverse problem for linearly related orthogonal polynomials. The characterization turns out to be equivalent to some nice recurrence formulas for the coefficients $b_{i,n}$. We employ these results to establish explicit relations between various types of quadrature rules from the above relations. A number of illustrative examples are provided.

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