Classifying minimum energy states for interacting particles: spherical shells

DOI10.1137/21M1455309MaRDI QIDQ5097470zbMATH OpenWikidataFDO

Authors Cameron Davies, Tongseok Lim, Robert J. McCann

Publication date 24 August 2022

Published in SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11718

zbMATH Keywords

\(d_\infty\)-local minimumaggregation equationasymptotic stabilityattractive-repulsive power-law interactionconvexinfinite-dimensional quadratic programmingKantorovich-Rubinstein-Wasserstein distanceLyapunov stabilityspherical shellunique energy minimizer

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Integral representations, integral operators, integral equations methods in higher dimensions (31B10) PDEs in connection with mechanics of particles and systems of particles (35Q70) Attractors and their dimensions, Lyapunov exponents for infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems (37L30) Optimization of shapes other than minimal surfaces (49Q10) The dynamics of infinite particle systems (70F45) Quadratic programming (90C20)

Abstract: Particles interacting through long-range attraction and short-range repulsion given by power-laws have been widely used to model physical and biological systems, and to predict or explain many of the patterns they display. Apart from rare values of the attractive and repulsive exponents $$, the energy minimizing configurations of particles are not explicitly known, although simulations and local stability considerations have led to conjectures with strong evidence over a much wider region of parameters. For a segment $$ on the mildly repulsive frontier we employ strict convexity to conclude that the energy is uniquely minimized (up to translation) by a spherical shell. In a companion work, we show that in the mildly repulsive range $$, a unimodal threshold $$ exists such that equidistribution of particles over a unit diameter regular $n$-simplex minimizes the energy if and only if $$ (and minimizes uniquely up to rigid motions if strict inequality holds). At the point $$ separating these regimes, we show the minimizers all lie on a sphere and are precisely characterized by sharing all first and second moments with the spherical shell. Although the minimizers need not be asymptotically stable, our approach establishes $d_{a}lpha$-Lyapunov nonlinear stability of the associated ($d_2$-gradient) aggregation dynamics near the minimizer in both of these adjacent regimes -- without reference to linearization. The $L^{a}lpha$-Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance $d_{a}lpha$ which quantifies stability is chosen to match the attraction exponent.

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Cited in

(12)

• Minimal energy configurations of finite molecular arrays
• Classifying minimum energy states for interacting particles: regular simplices
• Packing of softly repulsive particles in a spherical box -- a generalised Thomson problem
• Convergence rates for energies of interacting particles whose distribution spreads out as their number increases
• Minimizers of 3D anisotropic interaction energies
• On the existence of minimizing sets for a weakly-repulsive nonlocal energy
• Bounds and limiting minimizers for a family of interaction energies
• Maximizing Riesz capacity ratios: conjectures and theorems
• A family of explicit minimizers for interaction energies
• Riesz energy with a radial external field: when is the equilibrium support a sphere?
• Minimizers for an aggregation model with attractive-repulsive interaction
• Continuity of critical points for 1-dimensional non-local energies

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