Quadrature for quadrics

DOI10.1007/S40879-023-00707-ZMaRDI QIDQ6146098zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Björn Gustafsson

Publication date 10 January 2024

Published in European Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13882

zbMATH Keywords

branched covering map conic ellipse hyperbola parabola quadrature domain real algebraic curve symmetric Riemann surface

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Elementary questions in algebraic geometry (14A25) Riemann surfaces; Weierstrass points; gap sequences (14H55) Compact Riemann surfaces and uniformization (30F10) Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions in two dimensions (31A05) Geometric constructions in real or complex geometry (51M15)

Abstract: We make a systematic investigation of quadrature properties for quadrics, namely integration of holomorphic functions over planar domains bounded by second degree curves. A full understanding requires extending traditional settings by allowing domains which are multi-sheeted, in other words domains which really are branched covering surfaces of the Riemann sphere, and in addition usage of the spherical area measure instead of the Euclidean. The first part of the paper discusses two different points of view of real algebraic curves: traditionally they live in the real projective plane, which is non-orientable, but for their role for quadrature they have to be pushed to the Riemann sphere. The main results include clarifying a previous theorem (joint work with V.~Tkachev), which says that a branched covering map produces a domain with the required quadrature properties if and only it extends to be meromorphic on the double of the parametrizing Riemann surface. In the second half of the paper domains bounded by ellipses, hyperbolas, parabolas and their inverses are studied in detail, with emphasis on the hyperbola case, for which some of the results appear to be new.

Review text

\textit{H. Shahgholian} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 171, No. 1, 61--78 (1992; Zbl 0768.31003)] stated the question on why exteriors of ellipses and parabolas in the plane are null-quadrature domains, but the exterior of hyperbolas is not so. This question has been studied in the setting of potential theory and partial differential equations since the 90's. The point of view in the present paper is different, because the author works in terms of real algebraic geometry, more precisely in the so-called multi-sheeted algebraic domains, or quadrature Riemann surfaces. Both fields, partial differential equations and real algebraic geometry, are linked by means of potential theory. So, the aim of the paper becomes the integration of holomorphic functions over domains bounded by algebraic curves of degree 2-quadrics -- in particular ellipses, hyperbolas and parabolas. In this way conic sections and potential theory appear, and the rôle of conic sections in gravitational theory is known since I. Newton. In this paper the author makes a detailed research on quadrature properties of planar domains bounded by curves of degree 2. Since the exterior has infinite area, problems are avoided by using spherical instead of Euclidean area measure. Besides, domains are allowed to be multi-sheeted, that is to say, covered several times by a branched covering map from a real compact Riemann surface having an anticonformal involution whose fixed points disconnect the surface. Boundaries of these quadrature Riemann surfaces are algebraic curves. The study of algebraic curves in projective spaces is the subject of Sections 2 and 3 of the article, and definitions and properties of quadrature domains are considered in Section 4. The main result in this Section is Theorem 4.6, and it is worth noting that the computations leading to it extend and complete those made by the author and \textit{V. G. Tkachev} in [Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 11, No. 2, 591--615 (2011; Zbl 1246.30072)]. Once made all this general work, Sections 5 to 8 are devoted to study systematically the special cases which come from each of the involved curves: the ellipse, the hyperbola, the parabola, and inversions of them. A special relevance has Section 6 on the hyperbola, since this case behaves in a way very different to the others. In particular, hyperbolas are multi-sheeted quadrature domains, and null-quadrature domains when working with Euclidean rather than with spherical area measure. It is also to be noted that the inversions of the three curves (Section 8) are respectively the hippopede, the lemniscate and the cardioid. The paper as a whole gives a deep and clarifying insight on this important topic.

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