The Klein quartic maximizes the multiplicity of the first positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian
This article obtains important advances related to the spectrum \(\operatorname{Spec}(S)\) of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a closed connected Riemannian surface \(S\), specially about the smallest positive eigenvalue \(\lambda_1(S)\) and its corresponding multiplicity \(m_1(S)\).\N\NThe following are the three main theorems included in the introduction:\N\N\textbf{Theorem 1.1}: For any integer \(g\geq2\), there exist \(0<\delta_g<\varepsilon_g\) such that the following implications hold for every closed hyperbolic surface \(S\) genus \(g\):\N\begin{itemize}\N\item If \(\lambda\in\operatorname{Spec}(S)\) and \(\lambda\leq \frac14+\delta_g\), then \(m_1(S)\leq 2g-1\).\N\item If \(\lambda_1(S)<\frac14+\varepsilon_g\), then \(m_1(S)\leq 2g\).\N\end{itemize}\N\N\textbf{Theorem 1.2}: \(m_1(S)\leq 8\) for every closed hyperbolic surface \(S\) of genus 3, and equality holds if \(S\) is the Klein quartic.\N\N\textbf{Theorem 1.3}: \(m_1(S)\leq 6\) for every a closed hyperbolic surface \(S\) of genus \(2\).
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