Nonequilibrium steady states for certain Hamiltonian models

Dynamic continuum models (systems of particles, etc.) in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C21) Interacting particle systems in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C22) Exactly solvable dynamic models in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C23)

Abstract: We report the results of a numerical study of nonequilibrium steady states for a class of Hamiltonian models. In these models of coupled matter-energy transport, particles exchange energy through collisions with pinned-down rotating disks. In [Commun. Math. Phys. 262 (2006)], Eckmann and Young studied 1D chains and showed that certain simple formulas give excellent approximations of energy and particle density profiles. Keeping the basic mode of interaction in [Eckmann-Young], we extend their prediction scheme to a number of new settings: 2D systems on different lattices, driven by a variety of boundary (heat bath) conditions including the use of thermostats. Particle-conserving models of the same type are shown to behave similarly. The second half of this paper examines memory and finite-size effects, which appear to impact only minimally the profiles of the models tested in [Eckmann-Young]. We demonstrate that these effects can be significant or insignificant depending on the local geometry. Dynamical mechanisms are proposed, and in the case of directional bias in particle trajectories due to memory, correction schemes are derived and shown to give accurate predictions.

Review text

There is a report about results of numerical study of nonequilibrium steady states for a class of Hamiltonian models where particles exchange energy through collisions with pinned-down rotating disks (models of coupled matter-energy transport). The authors basing on the study of 1D chains given by \textit{J.-P. Eckmann} and \textit{L.-S. Young} [Commun. Math. Phys. 262, No. 1, 237--267 (2006; Zbl 1113.82066)] show a prediction scheme to a number of new settings: 2D systems on different lattices, driven by a variety of boundary (heat bath) conditions including the use of thermostats. The paper consists of five sections plus introduction. The Introduction section gives a short description of the problem considered in the paper. The models studied in this paper describe a coupled transport of matter end energy with the assumption that the local dynamics are purely deterministic and energy-conserving (authors called this ``Hamiltonian). The system is attached to stochastic heat baths which inject particles into the system and also absorb those that leave. In the system we have also placed (evenly spaced) rotating disks that are nailed down at their centers: particles exchange energy with them upon collisions. For such a configuration the authors were able to find a 2D prediction scheme based on the work of Eckmann and Young [loc. cit.]. They were also able to find why memory and finite-size effects are so mild in the models tested; the key lies in cell geometry: the geometric relation of cell walls and passage ways to the rotating disks. The first section gives a review of models and results presented by Eckmann and Young [loc. cit.]: we have interesting remarks and confirmation that the considered model is a good approximation even for small number \(N\) of particles. The second section gives a generalization to a larger class of models: higher dimension (i.e. 2D), different lattice types (i.e. rectangular and hexagonal), different boundary conditions (i.e. Dirichlet, periodic, reflecting) and temperature regulation in various parts of the system. Each extension is presented with an appropriate example and results of investigations. Section 3 gives the model extension for problem of memory, finite-size effects and geometry. The reader can read about \textit{Single Cell} case, \textit{Chain} case, \textit{``Good geometry, ``bad geometry} case (the cases with increased fraction of reflected orbits) -- these cases stand for the considerations of directional bias due to particle history. We have also considerations about incomplete equilibration with geometry that has small gaps, large gaps and no walls between cells. In section 4 one can read about systems with constant particle number and for such systems only energy is allowed to flow into and out of the system. The last section gives conclusions.

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