Regular formal moduli spaces and arithmetic transfer conjectures

Arithmetic aspects of modular and Shimura varieties (11G18) Positive characteristic ground fields in algebraic geometry (14G17) Modular and Shimura varieties (14G35) Formal groups, (p)-divisible groups (14L05) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over global fields and adèle rings (22E55)

Abstract: We define various formal moduli spaces of p-divisible groups which are regular, and morphisms between them. We formulate arithmetic transfer conjectures, which are variants of the arithmetic fundamental lemma conjecture of the third author in the presence of ramification. These conjectures include the AT conjecture of our previous joint paper. We prove these conjectures in low-dimensional cases.

Review text

The authors formulate arithmetic transfer conjectures, which are variant of arithmetic fundamental lemma conjectures in the sense of [\textit{M. Rapoport} et al., Compos. Math. 149, No. 10, 1631--1666 (2013; Zbl 1300.11069)] and [\textit{W. Zhang}, Invent. Math. 188, No. 1, 197--252 (2012; Zbl 1247.14031)]. More explicitly, let $p$ be an odd prime number and $F_0$ be a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_p$ with residue field $k$. Let $F/F_0$ be a quadratic field extension. Let $S_n:=\{s \in \mathrm{Res}_{F/F_0}\mathrm{GL}_n | s\bar{s} = 1\}$ and $S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ be the subsets of regular semi-simple elements. Let $W_0$ and $W_1$ be the respective split and non-split $F/F_0$-Hermitian spaces of dimension $n$. \par For a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$, an element $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ and $s \in \mathbb{C}$, define the weighted orbital integral \[\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',s) := \int_{\mathrm{GL}_{n-1}(F_0)} f'(h^{-1}\gamma h)|\mathrm{det}\; h|^s\eta(\mathrm{det}h)dh,\] and its special value \[\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') := \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',0).\] Similarly, the special value of its derivative can be defined as \[\partial\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') := \dfrac{d}{ds}\big|_{s=0} \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f',s).\] The function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ is said to transfer to the pair of functions $(f_0,f_1)$ if whenever $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matches $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_i)(F_0)_{rs}$, we have \[\omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = \mathrm{Orb}(g,f_i),\] where $\omega:S_n(F_0)_{rs} \to \mathbb{C}^{\times}$ is a fixed transfer factor. \par Let $\breve{F}$ be the completion of a maximal unframified extension of $F$ and $O_{\breve{F}}$ its ring of integers. Denote by $\mathcal{N}_n$ the formal scheme over $\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}$ representing the function which associates each $\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}$-scheme $S$ the set of isomorphism classes $(X,\iota,\lambda,\rho)$, where $X$ is a formal $p$-divisible $O_{F_0}$-module of relative height $2n$ and dimension $n$, $\iota: O_F \to \mathrm{End}(X)$ is an action of $O_f$ extending the $O_{F_0}$-action and satisfying the Kottwitz condition of signature $(1,n-1)$ on $\mathrm{Lie}(X)$, $\lambda$ is a principal polariztion on $X$ whose Rosati involution induces the automorphism on $O_f$ via $\iota$, and $\rho$ is a framing of the restriction of $X$ to the special fiber of $S$ compatible with $\iota$ and $\lambda$. \par Let $\overline{\omega}$ be a uniformizer in $F_0$. If $\lambda$ is almost principal, i.e., $\mathrm{ker}\lambda \subset X[\iota(\overline{\omega})]$ is of rank $q^2$, one can define a closed of formal schemes $\tilde{\delta}_{\mathcal{N}}: \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \widetilde{N_n}$ via $(X, \iota, \lambda) \mapsto (X \times \overline{\mathcal{E}}, \iota \times \overline{\iota}_{\mathcal{E}}, \lambda \times \overline{\omega}\lambda_{\mathcal{E}})$. It further induces a closed embedding $(\mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{N}_{n-1}}, \tilde{\delta}_{\mathcal{N}}): \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n$, whose image is denoted by $\widetilde{\Delta}$. For every $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$, let \[\mathrm{Int}(g) := \chi(\mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n, \mathcal{O}_{\widetilde{\Delta}} \otimes^{\mathbb{L}}\mathcal{O}_{(1 \times g)\widetilde{\Delta}}).\] \par Consider the characteristic function $1_{K' } \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ where $K' := S_n(O_{F_0}) \cap K_0(\overline{\omega})$ and $K_0(\overline{\omega})$ denotes the subgroup of matrices in $\mathrm{GL}_n(O_F)$ which are congruent modulo $\overline{\omega}$ to a lower triangular block matrix with respect to the decomposition $O_F^n = O_F^{n-1} \oplus O_{F^e}$. \par {Conjecture 1}. Let $F/F_0$ be unramified. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(0,1_{K_1})$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[\omega_S(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega_S(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] Suppose that $\gamma \in S(F_0)_{rs}$ matches $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. Then \[\omega_S(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,(-1)^{n-1}1_{K'}) = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q.\] \end{itemize} {Theorem 1}. Conjecture 1 holds true in the non-degenerate case if the arithmetic fundamental lemma conjecture in its Lie algebra version holds, provided that $q \geq n$. If $F_0 = \mathbb{Q}_p$, then Conjecture 1 holds true for $n=2,3$. \par Assume that $F/F_0$ is ramified. One needs to impose a condition on the polarization $\lambda$ and the action of $O_F$ induced by $\iota$ on the Lie algebra of the $p$-divisible groups involved. When $n$ is odd, one has the following arithmetic transfer conjecture: \par {Conjecture 2}. Let $F/F_0$ be ramified, and let $n \geq 3$ be odd. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0},0)$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_0)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] There exists a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0},0)$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q.\] \end{itemize} To form the arithmetic transfer conjecture in the case when $n$ is even, since there is no natural morphism $\delta_{\mathcal{N}} : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n$. The authors show that one has two closed embeddings $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+ : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n^+$ and $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^- : \mathcal{N}_{n-1} \to \mathcal{N}_n^-$. Let $\Delta$ be the union of the graph subschemes of $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+$ and $\delta_{\mathcal{N}}^+$ inside $\mathcal{N}_{n-1} \times_{\mathrm{Spf}O_{\breve{F}}} \tilde{N}_n$. Consider the two $\pi$-modular lattices $\lambda_0^{\pm}$ contained in $\lambda_0^{\flat} \oplus O_{F^{u_0}}$ and denote by $K_0^{\pm}$ their stabilizers in $U(W_0)(F_0)$. The authors made the following arithmetic transfer conjecture when $n$ is even. \par {Conjecture 3}. Let $F/F_0$ be ramified, and let $n \geq 2$ be even. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] For any $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^+}+1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^-},0)$, there exists a function $f'_{corr} \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial \mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f') = -\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q + \omega(\gamma)\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f'_{corr})\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_1)(F_0)_{rs}$. \item[(b)] There exists a function $f' \in C_c^{\infty}(S_n(F_0))$ with transfer $(1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^+}+1_{K_0^{\flat}K_0^-},0)$ such that \[2\omega(\gamma)\partial\mathrm{Orb}(\gamma,f')=-\mathrm{Int}(g) \cdot \log q\] for any $\gamma \in S_n(F_0)_{rs}$ matching an element $g \in \mathrm{U}(W_1)(F_0)_{rs}$. \end{itemize} {Theorem 2}. If $F_0 = \mathbb{Q}_p$, then Conjecture 2 holds true for $n=2$.

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