Subgroup separability of surface braid groups and virtual braid groups
The paper gives a complete characterization of subgroup separability (LERF) for pure and full braid groups over compact connected surfaces and for their virtual and virtual singular analogues. For a surface \(S\), the pure braid group \(P_n(S)=\pi_1(F_n(S))\) is considered, where \(F_n(S)\) is the ordered configuration space of \(S\). A surface is called large if it is different from the sphere, projective plane, disk, annulus, torus, Möbius strip, or Klein bottle.\N\NThe main result (Theorem A) establishes that if \(S\) is large, then \(P_n(S)\) is not LERF for all \(n\ge 2\). For non-large surfaces, a precise list is obtained: \(P_2(S)\) is LERF if and only if \(S\) is not the Klein bottle; \(P_3(S)\) is LERF if and only if \(S\) is the disk, sphere, or projective plane; \(P_4(S)\) is LERF if and only if \(S\) is the sphere; and \(P_n(S)\) is not LERF for every \(n\ge 5\). The corresponding statements for the full braid groups \(B_n(S)\) follow from the fact that \(P_n(S)\) has finite index in \(B_n(S)\).\N\NThe paper also determines that the virtual braid groups \(VB_n\) and virtual singular braid groups \(VSG_n\), together with their pure subgroups, are LERF if and only if \(n=2\).
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