A Bochner type characterization theorem for exceptional orthogonal polynomials (Q2414771): Difference between revisions

A linear second-order differential operator \(T\) with rational coefficients is exceptional if \(T\) has a polynomial eigenfunction for all but finitely many degrees. The precise condition is that there exists a finite set of natural numbers \(\{k_{1},\dots,k_{m}\}\) such that for all \(k \notin \{k_{1},\dots,k_{m}\}\), there exists a polynomial \(y_{k}\) of degree \(k\) and a \(\lambda_{k} \in \mathbb{C}\) such that \[ T\left(y_{k}\right)=\lambda_{k} y_{k}, \quad k \in \mathbb{N}-\{k_{1},\dots,k_{m}\} \] and such that no such polynomial exists if \(k \in \{k_{1},\dots,k_{m}\}\). \newline The authors notate the rings \(\mathbb{C}(z)\) and \(\mathbb{C}[z]\) by \(\mathcal{Q} \) and \(\mathcal{P}\) respectively and refer to the ring of linear differential operators with rational coefficients \(\mathbb{C}(z)[D_{z}]\) by \( \text{Diff}\left( \mathcal{Q} \right)\). Expressing the second-order differential operator \(T\) through the sum \[ T= p(z)D_{zz}+q(z)D_{z}+r(z) \] where \(p\, , q\, , r \in \mathcal{Q}\), the authors define the functions \(P(z)= \exp\left(\int_{}^{z} \frac{q(x)}{p(x)}\, dx \right)\, ,\) \(W(z)= \frac{P(z)}{p(z)}\, \) (1) and \(R(z) = r(z)W (z)\). The main result of this paper consists of the proof of the previously conjectured fact that every exceptional operator can be obtained by applying a finite sequence of Darboux transformations to a classical operator, as the following redaction points out. Let \(T\in \text{Diff}_{2}\left( \mathcal{Q} \right)\) be an exceptional operator with primary poles \(\zeta_{1}, \ldots, \zeta_{N}\) and corresponding gap cardinalities \(\nu_{1},\ldots, \nu_{N}\). Then, \(T\) is Darboux connected to a Bochner operator \(T_{B} \in \text{Diff}_{2}\left( \mathcal{P} \right)\). Moreover, if \(p \in \mathcal{P} _{2}\) is a second-order coefficient of \(T\), and \(W\), \(W_{B}\) the weights associated by (1) to \(T\), \(T_{B}\), we have the relation \[ W(z)= W_{B}(z) \frac{\chi(z)}{\eta(z)^{2}}\, , \quad \quad \chi \in \mathcal{Q}, \; \eta \in \mathcal{P}, \] where \(\eta(z)= \prod_{i=1}^{N} \left(z-\zeta_{i}\right)^{\nu_{i}}\), \(\frac{\chi'(z)}{\chi(z)}=\frac{k}{p(z)}\), \(k \in \mathbb{C}\). The path conducting to the final proof of the conjecture provides many results regarding further technical aspects, as for example, the factorization of second-order differential operators with rational coefficients and the monodromy of an exceptional operator.