A refinement of the split decomposition of a tridiagonal pair
Let \(V\) be a vector space over field \(F\) with finite positive dimension. By a tridiagonal pair on \(V\), we mean a pair \((A,A^*)\) of linear transformations of \(V\) that satisfy the following conditions: (i) each of \(A,A^*\) is diagonalizable, (ii) there exists an ordering \(V_0,\dots ,V_d\) of the eigenspaces of \(A\) such that \(AV_i\subseteq V_{i-1}+V_i+V_{i+1}\) (\(0\leq i\leq d\)), where \(V_{-1}=V_{d+1}=0\), (iii) there exists an ordering \(V_0^*,\dots ,V_\delta^*\) of the eigenspaces of \(A^*\) such that \(AV_i^*\subseteq V_{i-1}^*+V_i^*+V_{i+1}^*\) (\(0\leq i\leq \delta\)), where \(V_{-1}^*=V_{\delta+1}^*=0\), (iv) there does not exist a subspace \(W\) of \(V\), \(0\neq W\neq V\) such that \(AW\subseteq W\), \(A^*W\subseteq W\). It is known that \(d=\delta\) and the spaces \(V_i,V_i^*\) have the same dimension \(\rho_i\). It is proved (Theorem 3.3) that there exists a unique integer \(h\) (the height of the tridiagonal pair) with \(0\leq h\leq d/2\) such that \(\rho_{i-1}<\rho_i\) for \(1\leq i\leq h\), \(\rho_{i-1}=\rho_i\) for \(h<i\leq d-h\), and \(\rho_{i-1}>\rho_i\) for \(d-h<i\leq d\). For \(0\leq i\leq d\) we set \(U_i=(V_0^*+\dots +V_i^*)\cap (V_i+V_{i+1}+\dots +V_d)\). Then \(V=U_0\oplus \dots \oplus U_d\) (the split decomposition). Let \(F_i:V\to U_i\) denote the projection with this direct product, and let \(\theta_i\) (respectively \(\theta_i^*\)) denote the eigenvalue of \(A\) (respectively of \(A^*\)) for the eigenspace \(V_i\) (respectively \(V_i^*\)). The raising map \(R\) and the lowering map \(L\) are defined as follows \[ R=A-\sum_{i=0}^d \theta_iF_i, \quad L=A^*-\sum_{i=0}^d \theta_i^*F_i. \] For \(0\leq r\leq h\) let \(U_i^{(r)}=R^{i-r}(U_r\cap \operatorname{Ker} R^{d-2r+1})\). Then \(V=\oplus _{r=0}^h\oplus _{i=r}^{d-r}U_i^{(r)}\) (a refinement of the split decomposition). Define \(U^{(r)}=\sum_{i=r}^{d-r}U_i^{(r)}\) and let \(F^{(r)}:V\to U^{(r)}\) denote the projection with the direct product \(V=\sum_{r=0}^h U^{(r)}\). Then \(L=L^{(-)}+L^{(0)}+L^{(+)}\) with \(L^{(-)}U^{(r)}\subset U^{(r-1)}\) \(L^{(0)}U^{(r)}\subset U^{(r)}\) and \(L^{(+)}U^{(r)}\subset U^{(r+1)}\). It is proved that \(RL^{(+)}\) (respectively \(RL^{(-)}\)) is a scalar multiple of \(L^{(+)}R\) (respectively of \(L^{(-)}R\)) on \(U_i^{(r)}\) (Theorems 8.4 and 9.4). A linear relation between \(RL^{(0)},L^{(0)}R\) and \(I\) (the identity map) on \(U_i^{(r)}\) is given (Theorem 10.9).
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