The switching element for a Leonard pair

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2007.09.002MaRDI QIDQ2469535zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Paul Terwilliger, Kazumasa Nomura

Publication date 6 February 2008

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0608623

zbMATH Keywords

\(q\)-Racah polynomialLeonard pairorthogonal polynomialtridiagonal pair

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Association schemes, strongly regular graphs (05E30) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.) (33D45)

Abstract: Let $V$ denote a vector space with finite positive dimension. We consider a pair of linear transformations $A:VoV$ and $A^{\ast }:VoV$ that satisfy (i) and (ii) below: (i) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for $V$ with respect to which the matrix representing $A^{\ast }$ is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing $A$ is diagonal. We call such a pair a {em Leonard pair} on $V$. Let $v_0,v_1,\mathrm{...},v_d$ (resp. $w_0,w_1,\mathrm{...},w_d$) denote a basis for $V$ referred to in (i) (resp. (ii)). We show that there exists a unique linear transformation $S:VoV$ that sends $v_0$ to a scalar multiple of $v_d$, fixes $w_0$, and sends $w_i$ to a scalar multiple of $w_i$ for $1leqileqd$. We call $S$ the {it switching element}. We describe $S$ from many points of view.

Review text

The authors continue their study of Leonard pairs and in this paper the attention is focused on the so-called switching element. Given a \(d+1\;(d>0)\) dimensional vector space \(V\), a pair of linear transformations \(A,A^*\) is called a Leonard pair if (i) there exists a basis \(v=\{v_i\}_{i=0}^d\) with mat\(_{v,v}\,A\) irreducible tri-diagonal and mat\(_{v,v}\,A^*\) diagonal, (ii) there exists a basis \(w=\{w_i\}_{i=0}^d\) with mat\(_{w,w}\,A\) irreducible tri-diagonal and mat\(_{w,w}\,A^*\) diagonal. (Note: the * in \(A^*\) does \textbf{not} mean the customary conjugate transpose \(\overline{A}^{\text{t}}\).) After a short introduction and some sections stating results from previous papers (Leonard system, \(D_4\)-action, parameter array, first and second split sequence), finally the switching element of the Leonard system \(\Phi\) connected with the Leonard pair \(\{A,A^*\}\) is introduced. The main property of the switching element \(S\) is: it is the unique linear transformation \(S:V\rightarrow V\) with \(Sv_0=\lambda v_d,\;Sw_0=w_0,\;Sw_i=\mu_i w_i\;(1\leq i\leq d)\). It is outside the scope of this review to give all the notions and notations explicitly her; for the initiated it will suffice to state that the body of the paper describes the switching element from various points of view: --- as a polynomial, - by its action on decompositions, --- by its action on the flags, --- its connection with the decomposition, --- as a matrix. The paper then gives for a Leonard pair a representation in matrix form and a characterization in terms of the switching element; finally, some open problems are stated.

Recommendations

• Introduction to Leonard pairs.
• How to recognize a Leonard pair
• Leonard pairs from 24 points of view.
• Three mutually adjacent Leonard pairs
• Affine transformations of a Leonard pair

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Cited in

(17)

• Transition maps between the 24 bases for a Leonard pair
• Tridiagonal pairs and the \(q\)-tetrahedron algebra
• On the shape of a tridiagonal pair
• Self-dual Leonard pairs
• A group commutator involving the last distance matrix and dual distance matrix of a \(Q\)-polynomial distance-regular graph: the Hamming graph case
• Two commuting operators associated with a tridiagonal pair
• Bidiagonal pairs, the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{sl}_2\), and the quantum group \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7373356 (Why is no real title available?)
• A classification of sharp tridiagonal pairs
• The nucleus of a Q-polynomial distance-regular graph
• A bilinear form relating two Leonard systems
• Tridiagonal pairs of q-Racah type
• The split decomposition of a tridiagonal pair
• Sharp tridiagonal pairs
• Towards a classification of the tridiagonal pairs
• The structure of a tridiagonal pair
• Tridiagonal pairs and the -conjecture

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